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stating that motion and response to motion are not pleadings
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No. 3-89-232-CV.
October 10, 1990.
Appeal from the 264th Judicial District, Bell County, Jack W. Prescott, J.
Russell A. Smith, Blanks, Greenfield Rhodes, Temple, for appellant.
Fancy Jezek, Killeen, for appellee.
Before POWERS, CARROLL, and EARL W. SMITH, JJ.
Before Earl W. Smith, Justice (retired), Third Circuit Court of Appeals, sitting by assignment. See Tex.Gov't Code Ann. § 74.003 (1988).
James Robert Elliott appeals from a trial-court order denying relief on his request to clarify the property division made in a divorce decree dissolving his marriage to Nelda Sherwood Elliott. We will affirm the trial-court order.
THE CONTROVERSY
The Elliotts' divorce occurred in 1979 while James, an army officer, was on extended military service. The divorce decree awarded Nelda a portion of James' "gross military retirement benefits," to be calculated at his future retirement according to the following formula:
1/2 x 208 months x gross monthly __________________________ months of military service retirement payments.
Other passages in the provision made the formula applicable to "all gross military retirement benefits received by" James, and to his "gross before-tax military retirement benefits."
In 1988, some nine years after the divorce, James retired from the army after 334 months of active service. He suffered from certain service-connected disabilities, and elected at retirement to receive $300 in disability benefits in lieu of a like amount that would otherwise have been included as part of his retirement pension. See 38 U.S.C.A. § 3105 (1979 Supp. 1990).
Following James' retirement, Nelda moved in the divorce cause, in 1989, that the court "construe and clarify" the decree by fixing a percentage to be applied to James' "gross military retirement benefits," a percentage that had been incalculable theretofore because James' total "months of military service," the divisor in the judgment formula, could not be known until his retirement. Nelda expressly requested such relief under the provisions of Tex.Fam. Code Ann. § 3.71 (Supp. 1990), which authorizes post-divorce motions to "clarify" and "enforce" property divisions but expressly forbids any "order . . . that amends, modifies, alters, or changes the actual, substantive division of property made or approved" in the decree. The statute, in addition, expressly places such substantive revisions beyond the power of the trial court.
James replied to Nelda's motion by filing an instrument he styled "First Amended Response to Motion for Clarification." In
the instrument, he described accurately the previous divorce proceedings and decree and recited that the parties had been unable "to negotiate an agreement concerning the proper division of said military retirement benefits." He conceded the necessity for "clarification" of the divorce decree, and prayed for "an order of clarification in conformity with [his] First Amended Response to Motion for Clarification." The present controversy arises from the penultimate paragraph in the instrument, which reads as follows:
We have supplied the emphasis in all quoted expressions.
[James] requests that the Court enter [an] Order awarding [Nelda] her proper percentage of disposable retired or retainer pay earned by [James] during the marriage, deducting from the gross retirement, disability compensation, life insurance allotment and taxes and survivor benefit plan deductions.
After considering the stipulated facts and hearing legal argument, the trial court fixed Nelda's percentage at 31.14% and, consistent with the decree, made the percentage applicable to James' "gross military retirement benefits." Thus, the court fixed the percentage as requested by Nelda (which is not in dispute), but declined to revise the divorce decree, as requested by James, by applying the percentage to his "disposable retired or retainer pay" instead of his "gross military retirement benefits" as stated in the decree. The court expressly declined that revision on the ground that it required a substantive revision of the decree, which the trial court was powerless to make under the express prohibition set out in Tex.Fam. Code Ann. § 3.71, supra.
James appeals on six assignments of error, asserting all are controlled by the same basic contention: that the "Former Spouses" Protection Act, 10 U.S.C.A. § 1408 (West 1983 Supp. 1990), as construed in Mansell v. Mansell, 490 U.S. 581, 109 S.Ct. 2023, 104 L.Ed.2d 675 (1989) and Berry v. Berry, 780 S.W.2d 846 (Tex.App. 1989), reversed and remanded, 786 S.W.2d 672 (Tex. 1990), required as a matter of law the relief he requested in his "First Amended Response to Motion for Clarification"; that is to say, his request that Nelda's percentage be applied only to his "disposable retired or retainer pay."
DISCUSSION AND HOLDINGS
In McCarty v. McCarty, 453 U.S. 210, 101 S.Ct. 2728, 69 L.Ed.2d 589 (1981), the court held that a state court was powerless, under the supremacy clause, to divide federal military benefits. In response, Congress enacted 10 U.S.C.A. § 1408, supra, the Uniform Services Former Spouses' Protection Act, authorizing state courts to make such divisions to the extent of the servicemember's "disposable retired or retainer pay," which is defined by the statute as the net sum remaining after deduction from total retirement benefits any amounts representing disability benefits, income taxes, and certain other sums. See 10 U.S.C.A., supra, § 1408(a)(4). This is the net amount for which James contended in his response to Nelda's trial-court motion.
Following the enactment of § 1408, there arose a question concerning the extent to which the statute had resurrected the power of state courts to divide military retirement benefits incident to a divorce. In Grier v. Grier, 731 S.W.2d 931 (Tex. 1987), the court concluded that § 1408 did indeed limit to "disposable retired pay" the amount of retirement benefits that might be garnished and paid out by the service secretaries pursuant to court orders, but the statute did not prohibit the division of gross military retirement benefits. Grier, 731 S.W.2d at 932-33. This construction of § 1408 was explicitly rejected in Mansell. There the court reviewed a California judgment that applied the same construction as did Grier. The Supreme Court of the United States, in Mansell, gave the statute a different construction, holding that § 1408 revived the power of state divorce courts only to the extent of permitting them to divide, incident to a divorce, the servicemember's "disposable retired or retainer pay." Mansell, 109 S.Ct. at 2031. James thus invokes Mansell in the present case, contending the trial court erred in his case by declining to make Nelda's percentage
applicable only to the net sum represented by his "disposable retired or retainer pay."
In Berry, supra, the Dallas court of appeals so applied Mansell; and it did so by giving retroactive effect to 10 U.S.C.A. § 1408 in a case in which a wife had moved to enforce a divorce decree that had awarded her a percentage of her former husband's gross military retirement benefits. The Berry trial court declined to enforce the division of disability retirement pay set out in the divorce decree. The court of appeals affirmed on the basis of Mansell, holding that the wife's invocation of the divorce decree, in a plea of res judicata, came too late when raised for the first time in her motion for rehearing in the trial court. Berry, 780 S.W.2d at 849, n. 3. The Supreme Court of Texas reversed, holding first that neither Mansell nor § 1408 was retroactive in its effect as a general rule, and that the retroactive effect given § 1408 in Mansell itself was possible only because the California court had determined that the law of that State permitted a party "to reopen the final settlement order." Berry, 786 S.W.2d at 673. But Texas law did not permit such substantive revisions of final divorce decrees; and the Berry decree, being regular on its face and within the jurisdiction of the court that rendered it, was not subject to the husband's collateral attack after he had allowed the decree to become final without appeal. Id. Concerning the wife's failure timely to plead res judicata, the Supreme Court stated in its own footnote that under Tex.R.Civ.P.Ann. 94 (1979) she had no obligation to do so, because her former husband had filed only general denials in the trial court, which did not put his wife on notice of his attempt to attack collaterally their final divorce decree. Berry, 786 S.W.2d at 673-74, n. 3.
We turn then to James' contentions in the present case. We hold that the decision by the Supreme Court of Texas, in Berry, forbids giving retroactive effect to § 1408 as it was construed in Mansell. When the Elliotts' decree became final in 1980, the statute had not been enacted and Mansell had not been decided. James does not contend his divorce decree was rendered without jurisdiction of the parties or the subject matter, nor does he contend it is not final or regular on its face. He contends only that § 1408 and Mansell should be given retroactive effect, but the Supreme Court of Texas expressly held to the contrary in Berry.
James contends in the alternative that the trial court was obligated to apply Mansell and § 1408 retroactively in the absence of any plea by Nelda that raised the affirmative defense of res judicata. There are several reasons why this alternative contention must fail. We shall mention only two.
In consequence of the divorce court's explicit division of the military retirement benefits earned by Nelda and James' efforts during marriage, his reliance upon Powell v. Powell, 703 S.W.2d 434 (Tex.App. 1985, writ ref'd n.r.e.), application for recall and stay denied, 475 U.S. 1092, 106 S.Ct. 1489, 89 L.Ed.2d 891 appeal dismissed, 476 U.S. 1180, 106 S.Ct. 2911, 91 L.Ed.2d 541 (1986), is misplaced on the issue of res judicata. In Powell, "[the] divorce judgment was silent as to any division of the military retirement pay." Powell, 703 S.W.2d at 435.
Firstly, James' theory requires two conclusions of law: (1) that Nelda was obliged by Rule 94 to plead the affirmative defense of res judicata in defense of the property division made in the divorce decree; and (2) that the trial court was bound as a matter of law to give retroactive effect to Mansell and § 1408, and alter the divorce decree accordingly, if Nelda failed to interpose the defense of res judicata. Even if we assume that James is correct respecting the first conclusion, he cannot be correct respecting the second because in Berry the Supreme Court of Texas held to the contrary.
Secondly, Nelda was not obliged in our view to plead the affirmative defense of res judicata by reason of the requirements of Rule 94. The present post-judgment controversy arose only in the context of Nelda's motion to clarify and enforce the divorce decree, and James' like request in his response to her motion. Rule 94 requires that "[i]n pleading to a preceding pleading, a party shall set forth affirmatively . . . res judicata. . . ." The
system of pleadings under the rules is composed of petitions and answers, as stated in Rule 45, each petition and answer being required to be "contained in one instrument of writing," as stated in Rule 46. A motion is not a pleading. "A motion is an application to the court for an order granting relief which is not embraced within the prayer of a pleading." 3 McDonald, Texas Discovery Practice § 10.18, at 33 (rev. ed. 1983). Even assuming the most liberal interpretation possible, we cannot conceive that James' "response" to Nelda's motion to clarify and enforce the divorce decree amounted to a "pleading" to which Nelda was bound by Rule 94 to plead in response the affirmative defense of res judicata.
For the reasons given, we affirm the post-judgment order of the trial court.
Affirmed.