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demonstrating that a warrant may be necessary to conduct a search based on information gathered from an undercover informant, but that the use of an informant itself need not be authorized by warrant
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This opinion appears in the Federal reporter in a table titled "Table of Decisions Without Reported Opinions". (See FI CTA9 Rule 36-3 regarding use of unpublished opinions)
Argued and Submitted April 17, 1992.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Nevada; No. CV-88-0997-HDM, Howard D. McKibben, District Judge, Presiding.
D.Nev.
AFFIRMED.
Before SCHROEDER, LEAVY and RYMER, Circuit Judges.
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and may not be cited to or by the courts of this circuit except as provided by 9th Cir.R. 36-3.
Janice Hayes appeals the district court's dismissal of her complaint against the United States. She seeks tax return information from the Internal Revenue Service for the Horseshoe Club Operating Co. and Robert F. Caudill, deceased, from whom she claims an ownership interest in Horseshoe. We affirm.
Although Hayes raises a number of issues, the appeal turns on whether her complaint states a claim under 26 U.S.C. § 6103. The district court correctly determined that she had failed to allege a prior written request, as § 6103 requires.
We assume for purposes of this appeal only, without deciding, that a claim may be brought under § 6103 independently of the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552.
Hayes argues that she should have been allowed to amend to show that requests had been made for information about Caudill pursuant to § 6103(e)(3), which provides for disclosure of returns of a decedent upon request by designated persons. In support, Hayes submits a written request for Caudill's tax return information made by co-plaintiff Astrid Ekman in her capacity as the Executrix of Caudill's estate, and a letter that Hayes sent to the IRS requesting information concerning Caudill in her capacity as Ekman's attorney. Even if these materials were properly before us, they do not indicate that an amendment would cure the complaint. Neither shows that Hayes made a written request for information from the IRS in her own behalf; nor does it appear that she is within the category of persons to whom decedent returns may be disclosed under § 6103(e)(3).
AFFIRMED.