Opinion
A97A1624.
DECIDED AUGUST 11, 1997.
Theft by receiving, etc. Butts Superior Court. Before Judge Smith.
Hemmann Hemmann, Paul E. Hemmann, for appellant.
Tommy K. Floyd, District Attorney, Mark S. Daniel, Assistant District Attorney, for appellee.
The appellant, Christopher Dunbar, was convicted by a jury in Butts County Superior Court on November 21, 1996, on each of the four counts of Indictment Number 96-R-147: Count I, theft by receiving (motor vehicle); Count II, aggravated assault on a police officer; Count III, fleeing and attempting to elude a police officer; and Count IV, reckless driving. He appeals his conviction, and we affirm.
The record demonstrates that the verdict arose from the following set of facts: On April 9, 1996, Deputy Mark Whitwell was on traffic enforcement duty in a marked police car on Interstate 75. At about 7:50 p.m., he observed the appellant's car, which was a 1989 Oldsmobile Regency, travelling at an excessive rate of speed, "out-distancing all the other traffic on the road." Although Deputy Whitwell did not actually clock the appellant's speed, he estimated the appellant was driving at least 25-30 mph above the speed limit. Based on his observations, Deputy Whitwell decided to stop the appellant's car to at least give the appellant a warning and to tell him to slowdown.
Deputy Whitwell pulled the appellant's car over, exited his patrol car, walked up to the driver's window, and asked the appellant for his driver's license and proof of insurance, which the appellant did not have. The appellant's car engine was still running during the deputy's conversation with the appellant. Deputy Whitwell noticed that the door lock on the appellant's car was missing or "punched out" and that there was damage to the steering column. Based on the type of damage to the car, Deputy Whitwell suspected that the car was stolen, and he requested the appellant to wait while he went back to his patrol car. Deputy Whitwell went to the rear of the appellant's car to recheck the tag number, which he noted was XRF 687. While the deputy was standing behind the appellant's car, the car was driven backward towards the deputy; the deputy jumped out of the car's path, and the car drove forward and left. Deputy Whitwell would have been hit by the backward movement of the car if he had not moved out of the way.
Deputy Whitwell pursued the appellant two and one-half to three miles on the interstate until the appellant exited onto Highway 36. The pursuit continued down Highway 36 into the City of Jackson where the appellant's car finally overheated, and Deputy Whitwell was able to apprehend the appellant. During Deputy Whitwell's pursuit of the appellant, the appellant travelled at speeds of up to 110 mph, forced several cars travelling in the opposite direction off the road by driving his car into the opposite lane of traffic, ran through several stop signs, ran through a partial roadblock, struck another vehicle, ran through two other patrol cars, and attempted to side-swipe Deputy Whitwell's patrol car when the deputy pulled up beside him.
Appellant testified at trial and denied that he was traveling at 25-30 mph over the speed limit. Appellant testified that he was travelling at the same speed that other vehicles around him were travelling, which was about 60 mph, and that he was travelling beside a tractor-trailer truck. Appellant testified that he saw the patrol car along the side of the road but kept driving beside the truck for about another mile or mile-and-a-half before the patrol car pulled up behind him and pulled him over.
Appellant further testified that while stopped he had a brief conversation with Deputy Whitwell, during which Deputy Whitwell accused him of driving a stolen car. Appellant denied Deputy Whitwell's statement that the deputy walked to the back of the appellant's car, and the appellant denied trying to back his car into the deputy. Appellant further testified that Deputy Whitwell was standing next to the driver's door and ordered him to turn off the engine; that when he failed to do so, Deputy Whitwell reached for his gun, and the appellant then drove off at a high speed; and that the reason he drove off was that he had a parole violation in Savannah, Georgia and knew he would be arrested. Appellant admitted that the car he was driving had a broken lock and steering column, that he did not have a key to the car, and that there was "a little gadget on the steering column that you had to pull to crank the car up," but denied knowing that the car was stolen. Appellant denied driving at speeds over 100 mph, driving into the lane of traffic moving in the opposite direction, running stop signs, and trying to side-swipe the deputy's patrol car during the chase.
At the time of the appellant's arrest, he gave a false name of Christopher Dunbar to the arresting officer. The appellant was indicted under the name of Christopher Dunbar, and it was only after indictment that the State became aware that the appellant's true name was, in fact, George Gay.
1. Appellant, in his first two enumerations of error, contends that there was insufficient evidence to convict him under Count I, theft by receiving stolen property. The appellant contends that the State failed to prove the essential element of ownership of the stolen vehicle and failed to identify the car found in appellant's possession as the same car that was alleged in the indictment. The appellant further alleges that the State failed to meet its burden of proof regarding the essential element of knowledge that the vehicle was stolen.
(a) The appellant's argument that there was no evidence to connect the vehicle stolen from Norma Smith and the vehicle being driven by the appellant at the time of his arrest or to identify the vehicle found in the appellant's possession as being the same vehicle that the State alleged was stolen, i.e., Norma Smith's car, is without merit. Ownership of the stolen vehicle, and that the vehicle found in the appellant's possession was the same vehicle that was alleged in the indictment was proven by the victim, Norma Smith's, testimony coupled with the testimony of Deputy Whitwell. See Rautenberg v. State, 178 Ga. App. 165, 168 ( 342 S.E.2d 355) (1986).
Norma Smith testified that she owned a 1989 Oldsmobile Regency automobile, that such vehicle was stolen while she was eating dinner at the Ramada Inn; that she notified the police immediately; that she had never given the appellant permission to use her car; and that during the month of April she had not given anyone permission to use her car.
Deputy Whitwell testified that he was patrolling Interstate 75 on April 9, 1996; that he stopped the appellant for excessive speed; that the appellant was driving a 1989 Oldsmobile Regency with a tag number of XRF 687; that he observed damage to the door of the vehicle and the steering column; that while he was waiting on a response on the vehicle identification, the appellant fled the scene; that after a high speed chase he finally apprehended the appellant; and that he received confirmation that the vehicle had been reported stolen.
"[W]here there is some evidence descriptive of the stolen property which is substantially conformable to the description alleged in the indictment, and nowhere contradictory thereof, the identity of the stolen property is a matter addressed peculiarly and solely to the jury, and in such case there is no fatal variance between the allegata and the probata. [Cits.]" Burkett v. State, 133 Ga. App. 728, 731 ( 212 S.E.2d 870) (1975). The year, make, model, and tag number of the car driven by the appellant at the time of his arrest were identified by the witnesses at trial and matched the description of the vehicle set out in the indictment as the vehicle stolen from Norma Smith.
(b) Scienter is an essential element of the crime of theft by receiving stolen property. See OCGA § 16-8-7; Turntime v. State, 206 Ga. App. 226 ( 424 S.E.2d 877) (1992); Abner v. State, 196 Ga. App. 752 ( 397 S.E.2d 36) (1990). Scienter "may be proved by circumstantial evidence or inferred from circumstances which would excite the suspicions of an ordinarily prudent man. Even though knowledge is denied by the defendant, the jury would be authorized to return a verdict of guilty[.]" (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Gunn v. State, 163 Ga. App. 906, 907 ( 296 S.E.2d 221) (1982). In the case sub judice, the evidence adduced by the State set forth circumstances that "would excite suspicion in the mind of an ordinary prudent person." Gunn, supra at 907. This evidence includes the fact that both the door lock and the steering column were damaged; that the appellant did not have a key to the vehicle and had to start the car by "a little gadget on the steering column that you had to pull to crank the car up"; that the appellant fled the scene; and that the appellant gave a false name when he was arrested. Recent possession of stolen property, in conjunction with other evidence, allows the jury to infer knowledge of the theft of the property. Pate v. State, 158 Ga. App. 395 (1) ( 280 S.E.2d 414) (1981); Ridley v. State, 135 Ga. App. 333, 334 ( 217 S.E.2d 459) (1975) (Judge Evans concurring specially); Higginbotham v. State, 124 Ga. App. 489 (3) ( 184 S.E.2d 231) (1971). Thus, the jury was authorized to infer that the appellant had the requisite knowledge that the car was stolen.
The evidence, viewed in a light most favorable to the verdict, was sufficient for a rational trier of fact to have found the appellant guilty of the offense of theft by receiving stolen property. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (99 SC 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560) (1979).
2. The appellant also contends that evidence of an alleged similar transaction should not have been admitted. We disagree and find that the State carried its burden of showing a sufficient degree of similarity for admission of this particular similar transaction evidence.
Before evidence of an independent offense or act may be admitted into evidence, the State must make three affirmative showings: First, the State must demonstrate that it seeks to introduce such evidence for an appropriate purpose, such as illustrating appellant's identity, intent, course of conduct and bent of mind; second, the State must show sufficient evidence to establish that the accused committed the independent offense or act; and third, the State must demonstrate a sufficient connection of similarity between the independent offense or act and the crime charged so that proof of the former tends to prove the latter. Williams v. State, 261 Ga. 640 ( 409 S.E.2d 649) (1991). "Similarity is an important factor in determining the admissibility of the extrinsic crime; however, it is not the only factor, nor is it necessarily the controlling factor. The ultimate issue for admissibility is whether the evidence of other crimes has relevance to the issues in the trial of the case at bar. Depending on the purpose for which the extrinsic evidence is offered, the State may be required to prove a high degree of similarity between the relevant characteristics of the extrinsic crime and the crime charged, or it may have only the burden of showing a logical connection between the crimes which are essentially dissimilar. Ward v. State, 262 Ga. 293, 295 (2) ( 417 S.E.2d 130) [(1992)]." Harris v. State, 222 Ga. App. 52, 54 ( 473 S.E.2d 232) (1996).
The State served a timely notice on the appellant of its intent to introduce evidence of alleged similar transactions for the purpose of showing "intent, motive, plan, scheme, bent of mind, and course of conduct." The appellant filed an objection to the similar transaction evidence and motion in limine, and a hearing was held pursuant to Uniform Superior Court Rule 31.3 (B), prior to the evidence being submitted to the jury.
At the hearing, the State stated that it was seeking to introduce into evidence a 1992 conviction of George Gay which occurred in Ware County, Georgia, for the offenses of unlawfully taking a motor vehicle, fleeing and attempting to elude, and giving a false name, to wit, Chris Dunbar, to a law enforcement officer, for the purpose of showing the appellant's bent of mind and course of conduct. The trial court ruled in favor of the State, finding that the similar transaction was similar to the crime charged, and allowed such evidence for the purpose of showing the appellant's intent, bent of mind, scheme, common design, and identity.
At trial, the State introduced into evidence a certified copy of the appellant's conviction for the similar transaction and the testimony of the arresting officer. Police Officer Gary Smith testified that he had arrested the appellant in 1992, in Waycross, Georgia; that he had been dispatched to a location regarding a report from an owner that the owner's car was in the process of being stolen; that en route he observed the stolen vehicle pass him, going in the opposite direction; that he activated his overhead lights, and the vehicle accelerated at a high rate of speed; that the appellant only drove for two to three blocks before the vehicle turned onto a dead end road; that when the vehicle reached the end of the road, it wrecked into a five foot culvert ditch; that a black male jumped out of vehicle and fled into the woods; that the appellant was apprehended in the woods and placed under arrest; that at the time of the appellant's arrest, the appellant gave officers the false name of Christopher Dunbar and signed his tickets with such name; and that he subsequently found out that the appellant's actual name was George Gay.
(a) Appellant argues that because identity was not an issue and he was not charged in the case sub judice with the offense of giving a false name, evidence of a separate prior offense of giving a false name would not be admissible as tending to establish any of the offenses with which the appellant was charged in the instant case.
The issue of identity is implicit under the standards set forth by Williams, supra. Before the fact finder can consider evidence of similar offenses or transactions for any purpose, it must first be shown that the defendant on trial is the same person to whom the evidence of a similar offense or transaction pertains. The fact that the appellant gave the false name of Christopher Dunbar when arrested for the prior offense and the same false name when arrested in the case sub judice is evidence that the defendant on trial is, in fact, the same person to whom the evidence on the similar offense pertains, and also goes to show a pattern of behavior or course of conduct, i.e., the use of a particular false name by the defendant.
(b) Appellant further alleges that the offenses of theft-by-taking and theft-by-receiving are two different crimes, with different elements and are, in fact, mutually exclusive; therefore, proof of a theft-by-taking cannot be used to establish a theft-by-receiving. The appellant further alleges that the two offenses are too remote in time and place, the first offense occurring in 1992 and the later in 1996, to show continuous course of conduct, plan or scheme.
In determining the admissibility of similar transaction evidence, the court should focus on the similarities, not the differences, of the two occurrences. Farley v. State, 265 Ga. 622 ( 458 S.E.2d 643) (1995). Although the crimes here are not identical, there exists a high degree of similarity between the extrinsic crime and the crime charged. Both involve the arrest of the appellant while driving a stolen vehicle; the appellant fleeing and eluding the police; a police chase which culminated only when the appellant was no longer able to drive the vehicle in which he was fleeing; and the appellant's use of the same false name upon arrest.
"[M]ere lapse of time between the commission of any prior similar crime and the commission of the offense currently at trial does not render the evidence automatically inadmissible; lapse of time is but one factor to be taken into consideration in determining admissibility. Oller v. State, 187 Ga. App. 818, 820 (2) ( 371 S.E.2d 455) [(1988)]." Harris, supra at 54. In the case sub judice, the four years between the current offense and the similar offense would not demand that the evidence is inadmissible. See Braddock v. State, 208 Ga. App. 843 ( 432 S.E.2d 264) (1993) (Lapse of 15 years); Rich v. State, 254 Ga. 11, 14 (1) ( 325 S.E.2d 761) (1985) (Lapse of 11 years); Cooper v. State, 173 Ga. App. 254, 255 ( 325 S.E.2d 877) (1985) (Lapse of 19 years). "The lapse of time between the prior occurrences and the offenses charged goes to the weight and credibility of such testimony, not its admissibility. [Cit.]" Braddock, supra at 844.
3. Appellant further alleges that the jury charge on similar transaction evidence did not properly limit the purpose for which the evidence was to be considered.
Prior to the introduction into evidence of the similar transaction testimony, the trial court instructed the jury regarding their consideration of such evidence. The transcript shows that the court paraphrased the charge on similar transactions from the Suggested Pattern Jury Instructions, and that the court did not specifically limit the use of such evidence, but instead articulated all the various possible uses, i.e., "knowledge, common design, modus operandi, motive, intent, good or bad faith, bent of mind, plans, scheme, course of conduct, and identity or other matters dependent upon a person's state of mind at the time of the offense." Further, the trial court did not limit such instructions to any specific count of the indictment. Appellant alleges both as error. Counsel for the appellant did not object to the similar transaction charge when it was initially given.
Appellant made a written request that a charge on similar or connected offenses be given at the close of evidence. Appellant's written request was an exact duplication of the pattern jury charge and did not contain language limiting the use of such evidence to any specific purpose or count of the indictment. During the jury charge given at the conclusion of the trial, the trial court asked the jury to remember what the court had charged earlier on similar offenses and gave no further charge on such matter. At the end of the charge counsel for the appellant reserved objections to the trial court's charge.
"We have previously held that when evidence is admitted for one purpose, it is not error for the court to fail to instruct the jury to limit its consideration to the one purpose for which it is admissible, in the absence of a [proper written] request to so instruct the jury." (Citations and punctuation omitted; emphasis in original.) Miller v. State, 219 Ga. App. 284, 286 ( 464 S.E.2d 860) (1995); See Rice v. State, 217 Ga. App. 456 ( 458 S.E.2d 368) (1995). Since the appellant failed to file a written request which properly limited the purpose for which the evidence was to be considered, we find no merit to this argument.
4. In appellant's final enumeration, he alleges that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress. Appellant contends that Deputy Whitwell's testimony that he stopped the appellant for a valid purpose was not credible and that his highway stop of the appellant was unreasonably pretextual and illegal.
At the motion to suppress hearing, Deputy Whitwell testified that he was on traffic enforcement duty on the evening in question and was stationed in his marked vehicle on the shoulder of Interstate 75 near Exit 67; that there was "quite a bit of traffic at the time"; that he noticed the vehicle which the appellant was driving "out-distancing" the surrounding traffic; that based on his experience he estimated the vehicle's speed at 25 to 30 miles per hour faster than the surrounding traffic; and that he pulled out to clock the appellant's speed, but the appellant had already started to pull across two lanes of traffic into the curb lane, and therefore, he was unable to do so. Even though the appellant denied that he was speeding, it is the role of the factfinder, not the appellate courts, to judge the credibility of witnesses, or lack thereof, and to decide whether to accept such testimony or to disregard it entirely; the appellate court must view the evidence in a light most favorable to the jury's verdict. OCGA § 24-9-80; see Malcom v. State, 263 Ga. 369, 370 ( 434 S.E.2d 479) (1993); Ward v. State, 205 Ga. App. 504, 507 ( 423 S.E.2d 288) (1992).
Even though the deputy was unable to clock the appellant's speed, probable cause existed to arrest the appellant for speeding based on the deputy's testimony regarding his observations and his opinion as to speed. However, pretermitting the existence of probable cause to arrest, "[t]he Fourth Amendment does not require a policeman who lacks the precise level of information necessary for probable cause to arrest to simply shrug his shoulders and allow a crime to occur or a criminal to escape. On the contrary, Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 ( 88 SC 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889) [(1968),] recognizes that it may be the essence of good police work to adopt an intermediate response[.] A brief stop of a suspicious individual, in order to determine his identity or to maintain the status quo momentarily while obtaining more information, may be most reasonable in light of the facts known to the officer at the time. We have repeatedly held that an authorized officer may stop an automobile and conduct a limited investigative inquiry of its occupants, without probable cause, if he has reasonable grounds, for such action — a founded suspicion is all that is necessary, some basis from which the court can determine that the detention was not arbitrary or harassing." (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Coley v. State, 177 Ga. App. 669, 670 ( 341 S.E.2d 9) (1986); see McConnell v. State, 188 Ga. App. 653 ( 374 S.E.2d 111) (1988).
Clearly, in the case sub judice, the Deputy had reasonable grounds, based upon a founded and reasonably articulable suspicion, to make a Terry stop of the appellant's vehicle, and probable cause to make an arrest based on the events that occurred later in the Deputy's presence, i.e., the appellant's failure to produce his driver's license and insurance card; the vehicle's punched out door lock and broken steering column; and the appellant's backing his car toward Deputy Whitwell, fleeing from the area of the stop, driving at speeds up to 110 miles per hour, driving on the wrong side of the road, forcing other cars from the road, driving through several stop signs, running through a road block, striking another vehicle, and attempting to side swipe Deputy Whitwell's patrol car. Thus, the appellant's argument is clearly without merit.
Judgment affirmed. Ruffin, J., and Senior Appellate Judge Harold R. Banke, concur.