Opinion
Argued October 1, 1963.
November 27, 1963.
Supreme Court — Powers — Determining amount of damages — Reducing judgment — Act of May 20, 1891, P. L. 101.
1. In this appeal from an order granting a new trial upon the plaintiff's refusal to file a remittitur consenting to a reduction of a verdict in a personal injuries case from $30,000 to $13,000, it was Held that (1) the $30,000 verdict was clearly excessive and could not be permitted to stand, (2) the case had been fairly tried, and (3) in these circumstances, rather than have a new trial, a judgment in a reduced amount should be entered. [596-600]
2. The Supreme Court has power, under the Act of May 20, 1891, P. L. 101, to reduce the amount of an award for compensatory damages. [599-600]
3. Where there has been a fair trial free of prejudicial error, but the verdict is unjust, if the unjust result may be corrected without subjecting the litigants to the hazards and burdens of retrial, any available appropriate means and devices to that end should be utilized. [598]
Mr. Justice COHEN concurred in the result.
Mr. Justice BENJAMIN R. JONES filed a dissenting opinion.
Before MUSMANNO, JONES, COHEN, EAGEN, O'BRIEN and ROBERTS, JJ.
Appeal, No. 214, March T., 1963, from order of Court of Common Pleas of Washington County, May T., 1959, No. 67, in case of Wilmer E. Dornon v. Charles E. McCarthy, trading and doing business as McCarthy Taxi Service, and Homer Wise. Order granting new trial vacated with direction to enter a judgment.
Trespass for personal injuries. Before CARSON, P. J.
Verdict entered for plaintiff in amount of $30,000, order entered granting defendant's motion for new trial unless plaintiff filed remittitur of $17,000 which he refused to do. Plaintiff appealed.
Martin E. Geary, with him Frank C. Carroll, for appellant.
Charles G. Sweet, for appellees.
Plaintiff obtained a jury verdict of $30,000 for personal injuries sustained by him in an automobile collision on December 3, 1958. The opinion of the court below describes the circumstances of the accident as follows: "In reviewing the testimony it is undisputed that the plaintiff's automobile was bumped in the rear by the taxi operated by Homer Wise. No substantial damage was done to the plaintiff's automobile and no claim was made for damages. The testimony indicated only that the defendant's bumper had been pushed beneath the plaintiff's bumper leaving some scratches on the plaintiff's bumper and gasoline tank. The bumper of the taxicab was bent, the right front parking light broken and a hole punched in the radiator grill."
This trial began on September 18, 1962, and was completed on September 24, 1962. On three previous occasions (May and November of 1961 and May, 1962), the cause was partially tried but not completed for various reasons.
This description is fully supported by the record.
Plaintiff claimed medical expenses of $1,484.21 and anticipated medical expenses of $450. Of this total of $1,934.21, the court below observed that $450 was "for [already received] therapy and manipulation, which his [plaintiff's] own physician did not recommend or approve." At the time of the accident, plaintiff was 59 years of age and was self-employed as a pottery salesman. During the five years prior to this accident, he had earned a total of $4,004.50.
In 1954 he worked four months, earning $1,250.50, and did not work the balance of the year because of illness; in 1959 he worked only the last three months and earned $842 that year. During 1956 he worked about six months, earning for that year $1,912. He was involved in an accident on November 1, 1956, and was incapacitated as a result of that accident until July 1, 1958, when he was able to return to work but did not do so because of the illness of his wife. Plaintiff "planned to return to work on January 1, 1959, . . . but was prevented from doing so because of the instant accident of December 3, 1958."
Defendants moved for a new trial, primarily on the ground that the verdict was excessive, and that it failed to give consideration to the verdict of $6,500 which plaintiff recovered in federal court for a substantially similar whiplash injury arising out of an earlier accident (November 1, 1956).
In addition to other reasons, it was urged that plaintiff's proof failed to designate and separate the injuries, pain and suffering allegedly due to this accident from the injuries received in plaintiff's other accidents of November 1, 1956 and December 28, 1959.
The complaint in the action in federal court alleged injuries substantially similar to those asserted in the present proceeding. Paragraph 10 of the complaint there (admitted in evidence) recites: "As a result of the collision aforesaid the plaintiff was seriously and permanently injured. He suffered an injury to the bones, ligaments, muscles, nerves and tissues in and surrounding the spinal column. He suffered a whiplash injury in the cervical area. He suffered from shock and an injury to his central and sympathetic nervous systems. He suffered a concussion and post concussional syndrome." Paragraph 8 of the complaint in this action reads: "That, as a result of the collision aforesaid, the plaintiff was seriously injured; he suffered from shock; a whiplash injury; injuries to the muscles, ligaments, nerves, bones and tissues of the back; he suffered an aggravation of a pre-existing arthritic condition; and said injuries are permanent in nature."
The court en banc noted that: "The verdict of the jury, in the sum of $30,000, under these circumstances, really shocks the conscience of the court," and directed that a new trial be had, unless plaintiff file a remittitur consenting to a reduction of the verdict to $13,000. Plaintiff refused to remit the excess and took this appeal from the grant of a new trial.
Our review of the record satisfies us, as it did the trial judge and the unanimous court en banc, that the verdict of the jury was excessive and shocks a sense of justice. To permit the verdict in the amount returned by the jury to stand undisturbed would be a manifest abuse of discretion. See Kite v. Jones, 389 Pa. 339, 350, 132 A.2d 683, 689 (1957); Jackson v. Yellow Cab Co., 360 Pa. 635, 63 A.2d 54 (1949).
The grant of a new trial is an effective instrumentality for seeking and achieving justice in those instances where the original trial, because of taint, unfairness or error, produces something other than a just and fair result, which, after all, is the primary goal of all legal proceedings. However, if, after a fair trial free of error or prejudice, a result appears which, if permitted to remain, is unjust, justice and reason dictate that if timely and orderly correction may be made without subjecting the litigants to the hazards and burdens of retrial, that course should be adopted. In such instances, appropriate means and devices other than new trial, if available, should be utilized. One such remedy is provided in the Act of 1891, May 20, P. L. 101, § 2, 12 Pa.C.S.A. § 1164. Under that statute (and the earlier Acts of 1722 and 1836), this Court has the power "to affirm, reverse, amend or modify a judgment, order or decree appealed from, and to enter such judgment, order or decree . . . as . . . deem[ed] proper and just . . . ." In many cases we have reduced judgments to the amounts which should properly have been awarded in the courts below. See, e.g., Kite v. Jones, supra (reduction from $40,000 to $30,000); Jackson v. Yellow Cab Co., supra (reduction from $10,000 to $7,000); Brown v. Paxton, 332 Pa. 260, 2 A.2d 729 (1938) (reduction from $6,500 to $3,500).
Most recently, in Purcell v. Westinghouse Broadcasting Co., 411 Pa. 167, 188, 191 A.2d 662, 673 (1963), "under the powers of review invested in this Court by the Act of May 20, 1891, P. L. 101, 12 Pa.C.S.A. § 1164," this Court reduced the amount of punitive damages awarded by the jury from $40,000 to $30,000; and in Richette v. Pennsylvania Railroad, 410 Pa. 6, 187 A.2d 910 (1963), we reduced a verdict for punitive damages from $15,000 to $5,000, sustained the verdict for compensatory damages in the amount of $10,000, reversed orders granting judgment n.o.v. and new trial, and reinstated the verdict reduced to the total sum of $15,000.
Mr. Chief Justice BELL and Mr. Justice BENJAMIN R. JONES would have modified the judgment and would have further reduced it so as to exclude punitive damages.
In Meholiff v. River Transit Co., 342 Pa. 394, 20 A.2d 762 (1941), the trial court requested and obtained from plaintiff a remittitur which reduced the verdict from $10,351.72 to $7,250. At the time of defendant's appeal from denial of its motion for new trial, this Court further reduced the recovery to $5,000 and entered judgment in that amount. What was said in the Meholiff case at 400, 20 A.2d at 764, is equally appropriate and relevant here: "While the rule is well established that this Court has the power to modify a judgment and to enter such order as we may deem proper (Tauber v. Wilkinsburg, 309 Pa. 331, 336, 163 A. 675), 'we are loathe to exercise this power and prefer under ordinary conditions that a just verdict shall be rendered on another trial': Milyak v. P. R. T. Co., 300 Pa. 457, 464, 150 A. 622. Here, however, the plaintiff's case was presented to the jury in a charge that was eminently fair to plaintiff and without reversible error and the discrepancy between the damages as proved and the judgment is so great that we feel compelled to reduce the judgment."
We reject appellant's contention that the verdict of $30,000 should remain undisturbed. Likewise, we reject appellees' contention that the verdict should be further reduced to a figure ($9,200) below that determined by the lower court. We do, however, conclude that, on this record, justice dictates that the judgment be reduced rather than that a new trial be awarded. We share the opinion of the court below that the verdict should be reduced to $13,000.
The order granting a new trial is vacated and the court below is directed to enter judgment for the plaintiff as of the date of the verdict in the amount of $13,000.
Mr. Justice COHEN concurs in the result.
Although I am fully aware that this Court, on several occasions, has, on appeals from judgments entered in trespass actions, reduced the amount of such judgments and that such action may be practically sound, I have great doubt that this Court has the power to reduce the verdict in the case at bar.
Kite v. Jones, 389 Pa. 339, 350, 132 A.2d 683; Jackson v. Yellow Cab Co., 360 Pa. 635, 63 A.2d 54; Meholiff v. River Transit Co., 342 Pa. 394, 20 A.2d 762; Brown v. Paxton, 332 Pa. 260, 2 A.2d 729; Tauber v. Wilkinsburg, 309 Pa. 331, 163 A. 675; Milyak v. P. R. T., 300 Pa. 457, 150 A. 622 (obiter dicta).
In the case at bar, the court below directed either that a remittitur in the amount of the verdict be accepted by plaintiff or a new trial would be granted. Upon refusal to accept the remittitur, the court below granted a new trial and, on appeal from that order, the majority of the Court now vacates the order granting a new trial and reduces the amount of the verdict from $30,000 to $13,000. My research reveals no authority for such action by this Court and, on the contrary, I am of the opinion that such action is constitutionally inhibited. See: Smith v. Times Publishing Co., 178 Pa. 481, 36 A. 296; Kennon v. Gilmer, 131 U.S. 22, 9 S. Ct. 696, 33 L.Ed. 110.