Opinion
No. 74-3802.
January 9, 1975.
George Donivan, pro se.
William J. Guste, Jr., Atty. Gen., Baton Rouge, La., Barbara B. Rutledge, Asst. Atty. Gen., Joseph B. Tosterud, Asst. Dist. Atty., New Orleans, La., for respondent-appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court For the Eastern District of Louisiana.
Before WISDOM, GOLDBERG and GEE, Circuit Judges.
ON PETITION FOR REHEARING AND PETITION FOR REHEARING EN BANC [2] (Opinion November 7, 1974, 5 Cir., 1974, 503 F.2d 1401).
The state asks that we reconsider our earlier decision to apply Wingo v. Wedding, 418 U.S. 461, 94 S.Ct. 2842, 41 L.Ed.2d 879 (1974), retroactively. We adhere to our decision, believing that the factors supporting retroactivity weigh heavier in the balance.
Of the three considerations pertinent to the retroactivity issue, only the third strongly favors the state. There will be administrative difficulties, as there are with any rule applied retroactively. We do not underestimate the impact on state resources; however, the crux of the Supreme Court's ruling in Wingo v. Wedding is concern for the integrity of the fact-finding process. The first fact finding may influence heavily, if not dictate, the outcome of the case. Although the question is one of the degree of enhancement, " . . . rules designed to enhance the reliability of determinations of guilt or innocence are usually applied retroactively." Williams v. Estelle, 500 F.2d 206, 208-209 (5th Cir. 1974).
"(a) the purpose to be served by the new standards, (b) the extent of the reliance by law enforcement authorities on the old standards, and (c) the effect on the administration of justice of a retroactive application of the new standards."
Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 297, 87 S.Ct. 1967, 1970, 18 L.Ed.2d 1199 (1967). See also, Williams v. Estelle, 500 F.2d 206, 208-210 (5 Cir. 1974).
Wingo v. Wedding, 418 U.S. 461, 94 S.Ct. 2842, 2850, 41 L.Ed.2d 879, 888-889 (1974).
Nor was there much ground pre- Wingo for reliance on the practice of allowing magistrates to hold initial evidentiary hearings. Wingo is no more than a reaffirmance of Holiday v. Johnston, 313 U.S. 342, 61 S.Ct. 1015, 85 L.Ed. 1392 (1941), a recognition that it survived enactment of the Federal Magistrates Act. The Court found that the text and the history of the Act indicate a desire to retain the Holiday requirement that judges are to hold the evidentiary hearings. Given the Supreme Court's analysis of the Act — based in material part on the public record — any profound reliance was fatuous.
Particularly swayed by the purpose to be served by Wingo — proper finding of facts crucial to the truth — we deny the motion for rehearing. No member of this panel nor Judge in regular active service on the Court having requested that the Court be polled on rehearing en banc, the petition for rehearing en banc is denied. Motion to stay pending application for writ of certiorari is granted.