The Indiana Court of Appeals has stated: "In reviewing a claim that the evidence was insufficient to support the giving of an instruction, we may only look to that evidence most favorable to the appellee and the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom. If there is any evidence to support the instruction, its giving is proper." Dominguez v. Gallmeyer, 402 N.E.2d 1295, 1300 (Ind.Ct.App. 1980). Jury instructions are evaluated as a whole to determine if they are appropriate to the evidence.
The application of preclusion always is viewed as a matter of judicial discretion. Eagle Motor Lines, Inc. v. Galloway, (1981) Ind. App., 426 N.E.2d 1322; Dominguez v. Gallmeyer, (1980) Ind. App., 402 N.E.2d 1295. Moreover, our courts have expressed agreement with the principle expressed in 62 Am.Jur.2d Pretrial Conference § 29 at 661 (1972) that: "[a] pretrial order should be liberally construed to embrace all the legal and factual theories inherent in the issues defined therein.
Likewise, the Fourth District Court of Appeals in Anderson v. Pre-Fab Transit Co., Inc., (1980) Ind. App., 409 N.E.2d 1157, stated that an instruction composed of the complete text of Ind. Code § 9-4-1-34 (Burns 1980 Repl.) was "overinclusive" and "confusing" in view of the evidence. Similarly, in Dominguez v. Gallmeyer, (1980) Ind. App., 402 N.E.2d 1295, the Third District held the trial court had properly refused to give an instruction which embodied a motor vehicle statute inapplicable to the issues at hand. Accord, Ernst v. Sparacino, (1978) Ind. App., 380 N.E.2d 1271.
"Any error regarding an instruction is waived where grounds asserted on appeal differ from those stated in objections at trial." Babson Bros. Co. v. Tipstar Corp., 446 N.E.2d 11, 15 (Ind.Ct.App. 1983); Dominguez v. Gallmeyer, 402 N.E.2d 1295, 1300 (Ind.Ct.App. 1980). We conclude that Swan Lake has waived this argument.
If there is any evidence to support the instruction, it was properly given. Antcliff v. Datzman (1982), Ind. App., 436 N.E.2d 114, 122 (citing Dominguez v. Gallmeyer (1980), Ind. App., 402 N.E.2d 1295). Given that this standard of review is virtually identical to that applied in ISSUE I, supra, we incorporate our review of the facts from that portion of our opinion and hold that there was sufficient evidence to support the trial court's instruction.
If there is evidence of probative value which will support the judgment, the decision of the trial court will be affirmed. Michael v. Indiana Insurance Co. (1984), Ind. App., 469 N.E.2d 1222; Uebelhack Equipment, Inc. v. Garrett Bros. Inc. (1980), Ind. App., 408 N.E.2d 136; Dominguez v. Gallmeyer (1980), Ind. App., 402 N.E.2d 1295, trans. denied. ISSUE I: Choice of Law
Indiana Rules of Procedure, Appellate Rule 8.3(A)(7); Whitaker v. St. Joseph's Hospital (1981), Ind. App., 415 N.E.2d 737, 746; Dominguez v. Gallmeyer (1980), Ind. App., 402 N.E.2d 1295, 1298, trans. denied.
TR. 15(B) also permits amendment to include issues not set forth in the pre-trial order. Dominguez v. Gallmeyer (1980), Ind. App., 402 N.E.2d 1295, 1299 ( trans denied). However, before a party may impliedly consent to the trial of an issue, he must receive some notice of that issue.
In our review of the trial court's decision to permit or to deny modification, we are limited to the determination as to whether the trial court abused its discretion. Dominguez v. Gallmeyer (1980), Ind. App., 402 N.E.2d 1295, 1299; Colonial Mortgage Company of Indiana, Inc. v. Windmiller (1978), 176 Ind. App. 535, 376 N.E.2d 529. See also Whisman v. Fawcett (1984), Ind., 470 N.E.2d 73, 76-7 (discussing the role of the pretrial order in the adjudicatory process).
Rather, we look solely to the evidence most favorable to the judgment, together with all reasonable inferences therefrom, and it is only when this evidence is without conflict and leads to but one conclusion and the trial court reached a contrary conclusion that we will reverse that decision as being contrary to law. Dominguez v. Gallmeyer, (1980) Ind. App., 402 N.E.2d 1295, trans. denied.