Summary
In DiMartini, DiMartini alleged that the government official subjected his employer to "threats, harassment and intimidation" to cause DiMartini's firing.
Summary of this case from Armstrong v. ReynoldsOpinion
No. 88-1771.
June 25, 1990.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Nevada.
Before GOODWIN, Chief Judge, PREGERSON and REINHARDT, Circuit Judges.
ORDER
The opinion filed November 21, 1989 and appearing at 889 F.2d 922 (9th Cir. 1989) is amended as follows:
The text of the original opinion commencing at page 928, the first paragraph, ninth line, beginning with "However, a plaintiff must show. . . ." to and including, page 929, the first carry-over paragraph, ending with "[P]roperly denied his motion for summary judgment." is deleted. In lieu thereof, the following text is inserted:
Moreover, the Supreme Court did not refer to this constitutional right for the first time in Greene [ v. McElroy, 360 U.S. 474, 79 S.Ct. 1400, 3 L.Ed.2d 1377 (1959)]. On the contrary, Greene cited numerous Supreme Court decisions. Id. (citing "Dent v. West Virginia, 129 U.S. 114 [9 S.Ct. 231, 32 L.Ed. 623]; Schware v. Board of Bar Examiners, 353 U.S. 232 [77 S.Ct. 752, 1 L.Ed.2d 796]; Peters v. Hobby, 349 U.S. 331, 352 [75 S.Ct. 790, 801, 99 L.Ed. 1129] (concurring opinion); cf. Slochower v. Board of Education, 350 U.S. 551 [76 S.Ct. 637, 100 L.Ed. 692]; Traux v. Raich, 239 U.S. 33, 41 [36 S.Ct. 7, 10, 60 L.Ed. 131]; Allgeyer v. Louisiana, 165 U.S. 578, 589-590 [17 S.Ct. 427, 431, 41 L.Ed. 832]; Powell v. Pennsylvania, 127 U.S. 678, 684 [8 S.Ct. 992, 995, 32 L.Ed. 253]"). We recognize that these are "substantive due process" cases, but the court's reliance upon them in Greene reaffirms the existence of this constitutional right. We find, therefore, that Di Martini has a clearly established constitutional right to be free from unreasonable government interference with his private employment.3
For the purpose of a due process claim, an employee must show more than an expectation in continued employment; he must demonstrate a claim of entitlement to continued employment. Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 577, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 2719, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972). In Merritt we held that a legitimate claim of entitlement to continued employment must be proven before a due process violation can exist from unreasonable government interference with one's employment. Merritt, 827 F.2d at 1371. In this case, however, we are not deciding whether a due process violation has occurred. Rather, our current task is to determine whether a reasonable person should have been aware that Di Martini had a clearly established right to employment free from unreasonable government interference. A reasonable government employee would not necessarily be aware of the nature of a private employment relationship. We therefore hold that to defeat a motion for qualified immunity where the government may have unreasonably interfered with one's private employment, the employee does not need to demonstrate an entitlement to future employment enforceable against his or her employer. Di Martini has alleged the existence of a property right to continued employment enforceable against his employer.4 When considering the merits of Di Martini's due process claim, the district court will need to determine whether such entitlement exists.
With the opinion thus amended, the panel has voted unanimously to deny the petition for rehearing and to reject the suggestion for rehearing en banc. The full court has been advised of the suggestion for rehearing en banc and no active judge has requested a vote on whether to rehear the matter en banc. Fed.R.App.P. 35(b).
The petition for rehearing is DENIED and the suggestion for rehearing en banc is REJECTED.