Opinion
11-16-2017
In the Matter of D. Timothy DILLON, Respondent, v. Martha E. DILLON, Appellant.
Monique B. McBride, Albany, for appellant. Jennifer M. Lorenz, Lancaster, for respondent.
Monique B. McBride, Albany, for appellant.
Jennifer M. Lorenz, Lancaster, for respondent.
Before: McCARTHY, J.P., LYNCH, CLARK, AARONS and PRITZKER, JJ.
CLARK, J. Appeal from an order of the Family Court of Albany County (M. Walsh, J.), entered June 10, 2016, which granted petitioner's application, in a proceeding pursuant to Family Ct. Act article 4, to, among other things, hold respondent in willful violation of a prior order of support.
In 2000, petitioner (hereinafter the father) and respondent (hereinafter the mother) entered into a separation agreement that was subsequently incorporated, but not merged, into their 2003 judgment of divorce. In their separation agreement, the parties addressed, among other issues, the anticipated college education of their daughter (born in 1995). As relevant here, the separation agreement stated: "The parties agree that it is their intent that their daughter receive a college education. The parties agree that they will cooperate with each other in completing any and all necessary financial aid applications and that it is anticipated that their daughter will accept any work-study grants or employment during summers or vacation periods as to enable her to contribute toward the cost of her educational expenses. The parties agree to share in the costs of the child's higher education; however, neither party's obligation shall exceed fifty (50%) percent of tuition at a state university, plus the cost of reasonable living expenses." In October 2015, after the child had attended several semesters at Schenectady County Community College and then Siena College, the father commenced this proceeding, alleging that the mother willfully violated a prior order of support by failing to pay, among other things, "half of [the child's] college tuition expenses and related costs." Following a hearing, a Support Magistrate found that the parties had "contracted to pay for a part of the [child's] college tuition and related expenses" and that the mother's failure to contribute was willful. Based on their respective incomes at that time, the Support Magistrate apportioned 80% of the financial responsibility for the semesters that had passed since the filing of the petition to the father and 20% to the mother. In determining the mother's total financial obligation, the Support Magistrate calculated each party's pro rata share after deducting the amount of scholarships, grants and loans received by the child from the total cost of her tuition and living expenses to reach an amount of $9,708. In the ensuing amended order of disposition, the Support Magistrate entered judgment against the mother in the amount of $9,708.
The parties subsequently filed objections to the amended order of disposition. Family Court denied the mother's objections and partially granted the father's objections, concluding that, pursuant to the separation agreement, "the parties intended to equally share the cost of college and that the intent [was] that neither party would be responsible for any amount greater than half of the cost to obtain an education at a state university." The court determined that, for the six semesters in which she did not contribute toward the child's college tuition and living expenses, the mother was financially responsible for $28,377.50 and, in a June 2016 order, modified the Support Magistrate's amended order of disposition accordingly. In reaching $28,377.50, the court calculated the total amount of tuition and living expenses for each semester, deducted any grants, scholarships and Stafford loans received by the child during that semester and divided the resulting amount in half. The court then assessed whether this amount exceeded one half of the cost of attending a state university during the same semester. If it did, Family Court capped the mother's financial obligation for that semester by the state university amount. The mother now appeals.
The primary issue before this Court is whether Family Court afforded a proper construction to the provision in the separation agreement addressing the cost of the child's college education. We conclude that it did not.
To the extent that the mother raises arguments regarding her basic child support obligation, she did not file a petition to modify her child support obligation and, thus, such arguments are not properly before us.
A separation agreement is a legally binding and enforceable contract, subject to ordinary principles of contract construction and interpretation (see Graev v. Graev, 11 N.Y.3d 262, 276, 869 N.Y.S.2d 866, 898 N.E.2d 909 [2008] ; Matter of Meccico v. Meccico, 76 N.Y.2d 822, 823–824, 559 N.Y.S.2d 974, 559 N.E.2d 668 [1990] ; Desautels v. Desautels, 80 A.D.3d 926, 928, 915 N.Y.S.2d 337 [2011] ). Where a separation agreement is clear and unambiguous on its face, the parties' intent must be discerned from the four corners of the document, without resort to extrinsic evidence (see Graev v. Graev, 11 N.Y.3d at 276, 869 N.Y.S.2d 866, 898 N.E.2d 909 ; Matter of Meccico v. Meccico, 76 N.Y.2d at 824, 559 N.Y.S.2d 974, 559 N.E.2d 668 ). In discerning the parties' intent, courts are not limited to "the literal language of the agreement," but may consider "whatever may be reasonably implied from that literal language" ( Hewlett v. Hewlett, 243 A.D.2d 964, 966, 664 N.Y.S.2d 132 [1997], lvs. dismissed 91 N.Y.2d 887, 668 N.Y.S.2d 564, 691 N.E.2d 636 [1998], 95 N.Y.2d 778, 710 N.Y.S.2d 838, 732 N.E.2d 945 [2000] ; accord
Desautels v. Desautels, 80 A.D.3d at 928, 915 N.Y.S.2d 337 ; see Cheruvu v. Cheruvu, 61 A.D.3d 1171, 1174, 878 N.Y.S.2d 208 [2009] ). In doing so, however, courts must exercise caution so as to avoid creating a new contract for the parties "under the guise of contract construction," instead striving to ascertain the parties' true intentions, to the extent that they evidenced those intentions in the agreement ( Slatt v. Slatt, 64 N.Y.2d 966, 967, 488 N.Y.S.2d 645, 477 N.E.2d 1099 [1985] ; see Laba v. Carey, 29 N.Y.2d 302, 308, 327 N.Y.S.2d 613, 277 N.E.2d 641 [1971] ; Matter of Apjohn v. Lubinski, 114 A.D.3d 1061, 1064, 981 N.Y.S.2d 166 [2014], lv. denied 23 N.Y.3d 902, 2014 WL 1810155 [2014] ).
Here, the parties agreed to "share in the costs of the child's higher education," with such contribution being capped at 50% of tuition at a state university, plus the cost of reasonable living expenses. By its plain language, the disputed provision unequivocally demonstrates that the parties intended to encourage and facilitate the child's pursuit of a college degree and to make some financial contribution—up to, but not necessarily equaling, 50% of the total cost of tuition at a state university—toward that pursuit. In agreeing to contribute, the parties did not use language such as "split" or "50–50," despite such language appearing elsewhere in the separation agreement, including in the sections addressing dependent care expenses and the cost of health insurance coverage. Given the appearance of such language elsewhere in the agreement, its absence in the relevant provision is telling, as it suggests that the parties did not intend, as Family Court found, to equally split the total cost of the child's college tuition—subject to the cap—and living expenses (see Mastrocovo v. Capizzi, 87 A.D.3d 1296, 1298, 930 N.Y.S.2d 141 [2011] ; cf. Hasselback v. 2055 Walden Ave., Inc., 139 A.D.3d 1385, 1388, 32 N.Y.S.3d 403 [2016] ). Furthermore, while the separation agreement provided that each party's financial exposure would not exceed the tuition cap, it stopped short of defining the parties' respective obligations. The absence of language defining their obligations does not render the provision ambiguous. Rather, by its omission, it is apparent that the parties contemplated a later agreement between themselves and, failing that, a subsequent determination by the court as to their respective contributions (see Matter of Covington v. Boyle, 127 A.D.3d 1393, 1394, 6 N.Y.S.3d 785 [2015] ; Matter of Antes v. Miller, 304 A.D.2d 892, 893, 757 N.Y.S.2d 620 [2003] ). Thus, while we agree that the mother's failure to contribute anything toward the cost of the child's college education constituted a willful violation of the separation agreement, Family Court erred in concluding that the parties intended to equally share the total cost of the child's college tuition and living expenses, subject to the tuition cap, and entering a judgment against the mother in the amount of $28,377.50.
Because the parties expressly undertook an obligation to contribute toward the cost of the child's college education, but did not precisely define the extent of their obligations, Family Court should have proceeded to consider the parties' financial means and ability to contribute and determined their respective obligations by assessing their pro rata shares of their combined parental income (see
Gavrin v. Heymann, 27 A.D.3d 693, 693–694, 812 N.Y.S.2d 139 [2006] ; Matter of Caputi v. Williams, 286 A.D.2d 438, 439, 729 N.Y.S.2d 893 [2001] ; see generally Matter of Thompson v. Malcolm, 71 A.D.3d 1154, 1154–1155, 896 N.Y.S.2d 901 [2010] ; Matter of Kellogg v. Kellogg, 300 A.D.2d 996, 997, 752 N.Y.S.2d 462 [2002] ). Accordingly, we remit the matter to Family Court for a determination as to the parties' respective obligations and financial means. In remitting, we note that any loans obtained by the child should not be deducted from the total amount of the child's tuition and living expenses for each semester (see Matter of Apjohn v. Lubinski, 114 A.D.3d at 1063–1064, 981 N.Y.S.2d 166 ; Bungart v. Bungart, 107 A.D.3d 751, 752, 967 N.Y.S.2d 111 [2013] ; Matter of Korosh v. Korosh, 99 A.D.3d 909, 911, 953 N.Y.S.2d 72 [2012] ; compare Matter of Hartle v. Cobane, 228 A.D.2d 756, 757–758, 643 N.Y.S.2d 726 [1996] ). Further, after determining the mother's pro rata share and the total amount due and owing, the mother shall receive a credit for any payments that she has made, since entry of Family Court's June 2016 order, toward the cost of the child's college education.
Finally, we agree with the mother that Family Court erred in directing that her payments toward the child's college education be made through the Support Collection Unit, as "postsecondary education expenses [are] a separate item in addition to the basic child support obligation" (Matter of Cohen v. Rosen, 207 A.D.2d 155, 157, 621 N.Y.S.2d 411 [1995], lv. denied 86 N.Y.2d 702, 631 N.Y.S.2d 606, 655 N.E.2d 703 [1995] ; see Cimons v. Cimons, 53 A.D.3d 125, 131, 861 N.Y.S.2d 88 [2008] ; Tryon v. Tryon, 37 A.D.3d 455, 457, 830 N.Y.S.2d 233 [2007] ), not subject to collection through income execution (see generally CPLR 5241, 5242 ). To the extent that the mother's remaining arguments have been preserved and are, therefore, properly before us, they have been examined and found to be lacking in merit.
McCARTHY, J.P., LYNCH and PRITZKER, JJ., concur.
AARONS, J. (concurring in part and dissenting in part).
I agree with the majority's conclusion that respondent (hereinafter the mother) willfully violated her obligations to make financial contributions towards the child's higher education costs and that Family Court erred in directing that the payments by the mother be made through the Child Support Collection Unit. My divergence with the majority stems from the interpretation of the separation agreement's provision governing the payment of the child's college tuition and expenses. In my view, Family Court reasonably interpreted such provision as requiring petitioner (hereinafter the father) and the mother to contribute equally towards the child's college tuition and expenses. Accordingly, I respectfully concur in part and dissent in part.
A separation agreement that is incorporated, but not merged, into a judgment of divorce is a legally binding contract between the parties and, as such, is to be interpreted according to the rules of contract interpretation (see Merl v. Merl, 67 N.Y.2d 359, 362, 502 N.Y.S.2d 712, 493 N.E.2d 936 [1986] ; Matter of Drake v. Drake, 114 A.D.3d 1119, 1120, 981 N.Y.S.2d 191 [2014] ; Bjerke v. Bjerke, 69 A.D.3d 1042, 1043–1044, 892 N.Y.S.2d 646 [2010] ). "[A]ny ambiguity in the agreement's terms must be resolved by determining the parties' intent at the time of contracting, either from within the four corners of the document, if possible, or, as a last resort, from whatever extrinsic evidence is available" ( Desautels v. Desautels, 80 A.D.3d 926, 928, 915 N.Y.S.2d 337 [2011] [internal quotation marks and citations omitted]; see Matter of Apjohn v. Lubinski, 114 A.D.3d 1061, 1063, 981 N.Y.S.2d 166 [2014], lv. denied 23 N.Y.3d 902, 2014 WL 1810155 [2014] ). "[T]he court's inquiry should not be limited to the literal language of the agreement, but should also include a consideration of whatever may be reasonably implied from that literal language" ( Hewlett v. Hewlett, 243 A.D.2d 964, 966, 664 N.Y.S.2d 132 [1997], lvs. dismissed 91 N.Y.2d 887, 668 N.Y.S.2d 564, 691 N.E.2d 636 [1998], 95 N.Y.2d 778, 710 N.Y.S.2d 838, 732 N.E.2d 945 [2000] ).
The separation agreement, in my estimation, is ambiguous as to the parties' respective financial obligations with respect to the child's college tuition and expenses. Under the separation agreement, the parties "agree[d] to share in the costs of the child's higher education; however, neither party's obligation shall exceed fifty (50%) percent of tuition at a state university, plus the cost of reasonable living expenses." The separation agreement, however, did not elaborate to what extent the parties must share in these costs, such as "on an equal basis" (Matter of Frank v. Frank, 88 A.D.3d 1123, 1124, 931 N.Y.S.2d 196 [2011] [internal quotation marks omitted] ), "equally to the extent that they are able to do so" (Matter of Walsh v. Karamitis, 291 A.D.2d 749, 750, 738 N.Y.S.2d 143 [2002] [internal quotation marks omitted] ), based upon the parties' "relative means and abilities" (Matter of Strykiewicz v. Strykiewicz, 135 A.D.3d 1030, 1031, 22 N.Y.S.3d 685 [2016] [internal quotation marks omitted] ) or on a pro rata basis (see Friedman v. Friedman, 143 A.D.3d 665, 665, 38 N.Y.S.3d 583 [2016] ). Nevertheless, Family Court's interpretation that "the parties intended to equally share the cost of college" was reasonable (see generally Matter of Frowein v. Murray, 298 A.D.2d 647, 648, 748 N.Y.S.2d 796 [2002] ). More importantly, this interpretation, which Family Court fashioned after a hearing, is reflective of "the parties' intent at the time of contracting" ( Cortese v. Redmond, 199 A.D.2d 785, 786, 605 N.Y.S.2d 506 [1993] ). Although other parts of the separation agreement contemplated a 50/50 split of costs between the parties, unlike the college tuition provision at issue, at the time that the parties executed the separation agreement in 2000, they generally had the same amount of income, with the mother earning slightly more than the father. In this regard, the separation agreement stated that, for the 1999 calendar year, the father earned $35,028, while the mother earned $44,060. Furthermore, an equal split by the parties does not contravene the separation agreement's terms capping each party's financial responsibility for the child's college education costs at 50% of what the tuition would be at a state university. In view of the foregoing and taking into account that the concept of equal sharing by the parties permeated the separation agreement, I believe that Family Court's interpretation of an equal contribution can be "reasonably implied from th[e] literal language" (Matter of Apjohn v. Lubinski, 114 A.D.3d at 1063, 981 N.Y.S.2d 166 [internal quotation marks and citation omitted] ) of the provision in the separation agreement governing the payment of the child's higher education costs and gave "a sensible and practical meaning" to such provision ( Springer v. Springer, 125 A.D.3d 842, 843, 1 N.Y.S.3d 830 [2015] ).
The mother does not advocate for any particular financial responsibility by the parties with respect to the child's college tuition and expenses. Rather, she contends that, based upon her hearing testimony, the separation agreement did not impose any financial responsibility upon her to contribute to the child's higher education costs. Specifically, the mother testified that it was her understanding that she did not have the obligation to pay for the child's higher education because her friends, siblings and herself all paid for their own tuition or sought scholarships. This interpretation, however, does not comport with the terms of the separation agreement stating that it was the parties' "intent that their daughter receive a college education" and that each party agreed to share in the costs of such education (see Matter of Apjohn v. Lubinski, 114 A.D.3d at 1063, 981 N.Y.S.2d 166 ; Matter of Heinlein v. Kuzemka, 49 A.D.3d 996, 997, 854 N.Y.S.2d 560 [2008] ; Matter of Walsh v. Karamatis, 291 A.D.2d at 750, 738 N.Y.S.2d 143 ). I would therefore affirm.
I note that the separation agreement stated that the parties "anticipated," but did not require, that the child would contribute to the costs of her college education by accepting educational grants or work-study employment.
ORDERED that the order is modified, on the law, without costs, by reversing so much thereof as (1) sustained petitioner's objection to the Support Magistrate's construction of the provision in the separation agreement relating to the cost of the child's college education and (2) entered judgment against the mother in the amount of $28,377.50, payable through the Support Collection Unit; matter remitted to the Family Court of Albany County for further proceedings not inconsistent with this Court's decision; and, as so modified, affirmed.