Opinion
Docket No. 189716.
Submitted July 20, 1998, at Lansing.
Decided January 19, 1999, at 9:00 a.m.
Law Offices of Jeffery H. Feldman, P.C. (by Paul L. Kaliszewski), for the plaintiff. Michael J. Smith Associates, P.C. (by Michael J. Smith and Richard S. Mroczka), for Gerald Shirilla.
Bodman, Longley Dahling LLP (by Thomas Van Dusen), for Archdiocese of Detroit, Archbishops Adam Maida, Thomas Gumbleton, and Edmund Szoka, Sacred Heart Parish, School, and Seminary, Our Lady of Loretto School, Rectory, and Parish.
Before: CORRIGAN, C.J., and SAWYER and YOUNG, JR., JJ.
ON REMAND, ON REHEARING
On remand from our Supreme Court for consideration as on rehearing granted, 458 Mich. 860 (1998), we consider this case involving repressed memories of sexual abuse in light of Guerra v. Garratt, 222 Mich. App. 285; 564 N.W.2d 121 (1997). In Guerra, this Court held that no admission-based exception existed to the general holding of Lemmerman v. Fealk, 449 Mich. 56, 76-77; 534 N.W.2d 695 (1995), that "neither the discovery rule nor the statutory grace period for persons suffering from insanity extends the limitation period for tort actions allegedly delayed because of repression of memory of the assaults underlying the claims." Following Guerra, as we are required by MCR 7.215(H)(1), we affirm the grant of summary disposition for defendants Archdiocese under MCR 2.116(C)(7) because plaintiff's claims were barred by the statute of limitations. But for our obligation under MCR 7.215(H)(1) to follow Guerra, however, we would reverse and remand for consideration of the contention of defendants Archdiocese that they are entitled to summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) because they did not have knowledge or notice of defendant Shirilla's behavior.
"Defendant Archdiocese" refers collectively to the Archdiocese of Detroit, Archbishop Adam Maida, Archbishop Thomas Gumbleton, Archbishop Edmund Szoka, Sacred Heart Parish, Sacred Heart Seminary, Our Lady of Loretto School, Our Lady of Loretto Rectory, and Our Lady of Loretto Parish. Any reference to "Archdiocese" is a reference to the Archdiocese of Detroit alone.
In our prior opinion in this case, we reversed the grant of summary disposition for defendant Shirilla and remanded for continued proceedings. We affirmed the grant of summary disposition for defendant Archdiocese because they did not have knowledge or notice of Shirilla's behavior. Defendant Shirilla did not seek leave to appeal the adverse decision to our Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court's remand order provides:
"If the Court of Appeals, after rehearing, sustains its earlier interpretation of Lemmerman v. Fealk, 449 Mich. 56 (1995), the Court is then to remand the case to the circuit court for consideration of the nonperpetrating defendants' claim of entitlement to summary disposition because of absence of knowledge or notice of the individual defendant's behavior." DeMeyer v. Archdiocese of Detroit, 458 Mich. 860, 861 (1998).
Although we continue to adhere to our interpretation of Lemmerman, we cannot remand this case because we are obligated to follow Guerra under MCR 7.215(H)(1). This Court can remand this case only if it convenes a special panel and the panel agrees with our interpretation. MCR 7.215(H)(3)-(6).
I.
Plaintiff commenced this action in 1993, alleging that defendant Shirilla, a priest, sexually assaulted him on numerous occasions beginning in 1972, when he was nine years old, and ending in 1981. In addition to claims for assault and intentional infliction of emotional distress against Shirilla, plaintiff asserted a claim for negligence against defendant Archdiocese. Plaintiff further alleged that he repressed the memory of the abuse until October 1992, when he underwent counseling after his arrest for spousal abuse.
The Archdiocese referred Shirilla for a psychiatric examination after plaintiff first alleged the abuse in 1993. Under Archdiocesan policy, the Archdiocese removed Shirilla from his post and sent him for treatment because the examining psychiatrists determined that plaintiff's claims were well-founded. Shirilla's treatment included counseling and medication; he took Prozac to calm him and Depo Provera to curb his sex-drive.
Defendant Shirilla admitted in his deposition that in 1978 he massaged plaintiff's chest and stomach while alone in plaintiff's bedroom. Aside from one other occasion where he either hugged plaintiff or shook his hand in the early 1980's, Shirilla denied any contact, sexual or otherwise, with plaintiff. Shirilla, however, also admitted massaging several other boys. The massages took place either in Shirilla's private quarters or the boys' bedrooms. Shirilla and some of the boys were clothed only in their underwear during the massages. Shirilla further acknowledged that a seminarian had accused him of sexual misconduct in 1973. Although the Archdiocese determined that the allegation was unfounded on the basis of the results of a psychological examination of Shirilla, it nonetheless removed him from the seminary. The Archdiocese ultimately reassigned Shirilla to the parish where he met plaintiff.
In 1995, defendants moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) and (C)(10) on the ground that plaintiff's claims were barred by the statute of limitations. The trial court granted the motion, reasoning that plaintiff's claims were barred under Lemmerman, supra:
Lemmerman and Williford dealt with alleged abuse by family members. This case deals with alleged abuse by a priest. The ages of the children were different; these children were younger at the time. The Lemmerman and Williford children were younger at the time of the alleged acts than was plaintiff in this matter.
Also the Demeyer case has the added allegations of negligence by church authorities in failing to recognize defendant Shirilla's danger to young boys and in concealing that danger from parishioners or failing to remove defendant Shirilla from his pastoral duties.
However, the Lemmerman decision deals not [w]ith those facts but with the knowledge of the wrongs that exist in the mind of the plaintiff even though repressed. The Supreme Court specifically and unequivocally ruled that neither the discovery rule nor the disability tolling state are available to repressed memory claimants.
* * *
This Court has read and reread the Lemmerman decision. I think I read it four or five times now and must find that it results in the clear conclusion that the Demeyer case is time barred and therefore will grant summary disposition.
II.
Plaintiff argues that Shirilla's admission of improper contact with him removes this case from the holding in Lemmerman. We agree, but are required to hold otherwise by MCR 7.215(H)(1).
In Lemmerman, supra at 63-77, the Court considered the interests underlying the statute of limitations and generally concluded that neither the discovery rule nor the statutory grace period for insane persons applies in tort cases where the plaintiff claims that repressed memory caused the delay in filing the complaint. The Court recited its general holding at the conclusion of part II of its opinion:
We therefore hold that neither the discovery rule nor the statutory grace period for persons suffering from insanity extends the limitation period for tort actions allegedly delayed because of repression of memory of the assaults underlying the claims. While the Legislature may ultimately resolve the threshold reliability question in favor of plaintiffs claiming repressed memories, neither device is presently available to extend the limitation period for repressed memory tort actions, even upon presentation of allegedly "objective and verifiable evidence" of a plaintiff's claim. [ Id. at 76-77.]
The Court, however, id. at 77, inserted footnote 15 after the final sentence of the paragraph. The footnote provides:
We do not address the result of those repressed memory cases wherein long-delayed tort actions based on sexual assaults were allowed to survive summary disposition because of the defendants' admissions of sexual contact with the plaintiffs when they were minors [ Meiers-Post v. Schafer, 170 Mich. App. 174; 427 N.W.2d 606 (1988)]; Nicolette v. Carey, 751 F. Supp. 695 (WD Mich, 1990). Such express and unequivocal admissions take these cases outside the arena of stale, unverifiable claims with which we are concerned in the present cases.
Two weeks after we issued our original published opinion per curiam in this case on February 28, 1997, (Docket No. 189716), another panel of this Court decided Guerra, supra. Guerra, supra at 290-291, held that footnote 15 did not carve an exception to the general holding of Lemmerman. Guerra viewed the first sentence of the footnote as addressing the retroactivity of Lemmerman and the second sentence as possibly creating an exception. The Guerra Court then declined to interpret the footnote as creating an exception because the Lemmerman Court repeatedly stated in the body of the opinion "its general holding that neither the discovery rule nor the statutory grace period for persons suffering from insanity extends the limitation period for tort actions delayed by alleged `repressed memory' without suggesting any exception thereto other than legislative action." Guerra, supra at 291. The Guerra Court reasoned that the Supreme Court would have identified any exception in the body of the opinion, not a footnote.
We are required by MCR 7.215(H)(1) to follow Guerra. Accordingly, we affirm the grant of summary disposition for defendant Archdiocese under MCR 2.116(C)(7) because plaintiff's claims were barred by the statute of limitations.
III.
If we were not obligated under MCR 7.215(H)(1) to follow Guerra, we would reverse and remand for consideration of defendant Archdiocese's contention that they are entitled to summary disposition because they did not have knowledge or notice of Shirilla's behavior.
Guerra correctly notes that Lemmerman repeatedly stated its holding in broad terms that would appear to foreclose an exception for cases containing admissions. The Supreme Court, however, elected in footnote 15 to address and distinguish claims supported by admissions. Lemmerman identified two cases where the defendant admitted sexual conduct with the plaintiff — Meiers-Post and Nicolette. In Meiers-Post, supra at 182-183, the plaintiff alleged that she repressed memories of her four-year relationship with her then high school teacher. This Court held that the defendant's admission of the sexual relationship during his deposition provided sufficient corroboration that a sexual assault occurred. It, however, remanded the case for further factual development regarding whether the plaintiff actually repressed the memories. In Nicolette, supra at 698-700, the plaintiff alleged that she repressed memories of defendant sexually abusing her from the age of three to the age of thirteen. The United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan, following Meiers-Post, concluded that the plaintiff's claims were not barred by the statute of limitations because she presented sufficient evidence that she repressed the memories and submitted a letter signed by defendant in which he discussed three of the four incidents of sexual contact he had with the plaintiff when she was a child.
Lemmerman, supra at 66, emphasized that in cases where the Court has applied the discovery rule it has "weighed the benefit of application of the discovery rule to the plaintiff against the harm this exception would visit on the defendant and the important policies underpinning the applicable statute of limitations ." The Court further observed:
Balancing is facilitated where there is objective evidence of injury and the causal connection guarding against the danger of stale claims and a verifiable basis for the plaintiffs' inability to bring their claims within the statutorily proscribed limitation period. [ Id. at 66-67.]
In footnote 15, the Court remarked that the "express and unequivocal admissions" in Meiers-Post, supra, and Nicolette, supra, "take th[ose] cases outside the arena of stale, unverifiable claims" involved in Lemmerman. Id. at 77. Thus, the Court recognized that the concern for reliable fact finding is not implicated in cases involving admissions to the extent that it is in cases predicated on other evidence because the likelihood of a factual dispute whether the abuse occurred is lessened.
In cases supported by admissions, courts are essentially asked to recognize memory repression as a verifiable basis for a person's inability to bring his claim within the limitation period. We conclude that the Supreme Court implicitly accepted this proposition in Lemmerman. See Lemmerman, supra at 80-82 (Weaver, J. concurring). Accordingly, were we to consider this issue as a matter of first impression, we would hold that repressed memory cases supported by admissions may fall outside of Lemmerman. Under the reasoning of Lemmerman, supra at 74-76, the focus in determining whether to apply the discovery rule in those cases is on whether the court can be assured of reliable fact finding.
Lemmerman involved a case supported by an admission where the Court could not be assured of reliable fact finding. In Lemmerman, the plaintiff alleged that her father and aunt sexually and physically abused her for ten years, beginning in 1939 when she was three years old. She further alleged that when she confronted her father a year before filing suit in 1990, he apologized and said that God would not forgive him. Her father, however, died shortly before she commenced the action. The Court concluded that the plaintiff could not invoke the discovery rule even though her claims were supported by an admission.
In this case, by contrast, we can be assured of reliable fact finding. Plaintiff alleged that Shirilla, among other instances of improper physical contact, "massage[d]" him. Shirilla admits massaging plaintiff's chest and stomach on one occasion, but denies sexually abusing him. He also admits physical contact with several other boys during the same period. In light of Shirilla's clear admission to conduct underlying plaintiff's claims, we conclude that this case falls outside of Lemmerman. Combined with allegations of similar misconduct with the seminarian in 1973 and Shirilla's transfer from his post to treatment after plaintiff's allegations became public, this case does not involve stale and unverifiable claims such as those involved in Lemmerman. Whether Shirilla's conduct with plaintiff was sexual and whether the conduct harmed plaintiff are questions for the trier of fact. Accordingly, if we were not obligated to follow Guerra, we would hold that the trial court erred in granting summary disposition for defendant Archdiocese under MCR 2.116(C)(7).
Affirmed.
YOUNG, JR., J., concurred.
I concur with the majority's decision to affirm the grant of summary disposition. However, unlike the majority, I do not do so only because we are obligated to follow the decision in Guerra v. Garratt, 222 Mich. App. 285; 564 N.W.2d 121 (1997).
First, I am not convinced that our decision in Guerra was incorrect. However, I do not believe we need reach that issue because, in my view, even if there is, as the majority holds, an admission-based exception to the holding in Lemmerman v. Fealk, 449 Mich. 56; 534 N.W.2d 695 (1995), such an exception would not apply to the facts in the case at bar.
Even if I were to accept the position that repressed memory cases supported by an admission represents a situation in which a case may be brought despite the fact that the applicable limitations period has expired, the "admission" in the case at bar is not of a sufficient quality to trigger such an admission-based exception.
Defendant Shirilla's "admission" in this case hardly amounts to an admission to plaintiff's allegations. Plaintiff alleges that Shirilla sexually assaulted him on numerous occasions over the course of nine years, beginning when plaintiff was nine years old. Shirilla's admitted to have massaged plaintiff's chest and stomach on one occasion when plaintiff was approximately 15 years old. Other than having hugged plaintiff or shook his hand on one other occasion in the early 1980's, Shirilla denies any other physical contact with plaintiff.
I do not equate that as admitting either to a sexual assault or ongoing sexual abuse over a period of nine years. Simply put, while Shirilla may have admitted engaging in questionable conduct on one occasion, he did not admit engaging in ongoing sexual abuse of plaintiff. By contrast, in Meiers-Post v. Schafer, 170 Mich. App. 174; 427 N.W.2d 606 (1988), one of the cases identified in Lemmerman as falling under the potential admission-based exception, there was a strong and direct admission by the defendant. In Meiers-Post, the plaintiff alleged an on-going sexual relationship with the defendant while the plaintiff was a high school student and the defendant was a teacher. The defendant admitted to engaging in sexual intercourse with the plaintiff on various occasions over an extended period of time.
Those facts stand in stark contrast to those in the case at bar where Shirilla admitted to physical contact on two occasions, one having no sexual connotation and a second that may or may not have had a sexual purpose.
Simply put, I do not believe that the "admission" in the case at bar is of the quality necessary to trigger an admissions-based exception even if such an exception is recognized under Michigan law.
Accordingly, I would decline to address the issue whether Lemmerman recognized an admission-based exception and whether Guerra was correctly decided. Rather, I would hold that the facts of the case at bar do not establish a sufficient admission to trigger such an exception even if one exists. Therefore, I would also affirm the trial court's grant of summary disposition, but not merely because I am obligated to do so under Guerra.