Opinion
A94A0553.
DECIDED MAY 3, 1994.
Theft by receiving stolen property. Stephens Superior Court. Before Judge Woods.
E. W. Angell, for appellant.
Michael H. Crawford, District Attorney, E. Jay McCollum, Assistant District Attorney, for appellee.
Defendant was convicted of theft by receiving stolen property. He appeals following the denial of his motion for new trial, contending in his sole enumeration of error that the trial court erred in holding a Jackson-Denno hearing in his absence to determine the admissibility of his statement.
On the morning of his trial, defendant, who was free on bond, did not appear. Although counsel and the court thought defendant might be in the hospital, no one knew for certain where he was, and defendant's attorney could not and would not waive his presence at the trial. A bench warrant issued, and the trial was continued. At the trial court's request, however, defendant's attorney agreed to proceed with the pre-trial evidentiary hearing on the admissibility of defendant's statement despite defendant's absence. The State presented one witness — the officer whom defendant told where the stolen property was. The defense presented no witnesses, and the trial court ruled that defendant's statement was admissible.
It was subsequently ascertained that defendant was in the hospital, and the sheriff brought him from the hospital to the courthouse for trial that afternoon. At trial, defendant testified that the officer told him he would not be charged with any offenses relating to the stolen property if defendant told the officer where it was.
In McGinnis v. State, 208 Ga. App. 354, 357 (4) ( 430 S.E.2d 618) (1993), we held that conducting a pre-trial evidentiary suppression hearing in the defendant's absence, like conducting a trial in the defendant's absence, constitutes prejudicial error. Moreover, the defendant's right to be present at such a hearing can be waived by defense counsel only "if the waiver is made in defendant's presence, or with the defendant's express authority, or if the defendant subsequently acquiesces to the waiver made by counsel. [Cit.]" Id. at 357, 358. As none of these circumstances appear in the record in this case, defense counsel's agreement to go forward in defendant's absence is not binding on defendant, and defendant's argument is meritorious.
Citing Byrd v. Ricketts, 233 Ga. 779 ( 213 S.E.2d 610) (1975), the State argues that defendant himself waived his right to be present because he was free on bond and voluntarily absented himself from the proceedings. Pretermitting consideration of whether defendant's absence due to hospitalization was "voluntary," we conclude the State's reliance on Byrd and similar waiver cases is misplaced because in those cases the defendant was present when the trial began and subsequently failed to return after a recess. Here, on the other hand, defendant's absence occurred before the trial began. "Prior to trial, a defendant's failure to appear is handled with bench warrants and bond forfeitures. OCGA §§ 17-6-13; 17-6-70. During trial, a voluntary absence is treated as a waiver of the right of confrontation." Pollard v. State, 175 Ga. App. 269, 270 ( 333 S.E.2d 152) (1985). Concluding that a hard and fast rule regarding when a voluntary absence constitutes a waiver was needed, we held in Pollard that the waiver principles set forth in Byrd and similar cases are inapplicable if the defendant's absence occurs before jeopardy attaches. Id. Accord Loper v. State, 191 Ga. App. 515 (1) ( 382 S.E.2d 212) (1989). As the record clearly shows that defendant's absence in this case occurred before the jury was sworn (and thus before jeopardy attached, see id.), there was no waiver under Pollard, and the trial court erred in proceeding to hold the Jackson-Denno hearing without defendant. See also Fictum v. State, 188 Ga. App. 348 (2a, b) ( 373 S.E.2d 54) (1988). Accordingly, this case is remanded to the trial court for another evidentiary hearing on the admissibility of defendant's statement. See McGinnis, 208 Ga. App. at 358 (4).
Judgment reversed and case remanded. McMurray, P. J., and Smith, J., concur.