Opinion
September Term, 1855
N. Hill, Jr., for the appellants.
Daniel Lord, for the respondents.
The primary words of the bequest under consideration, would give to such of the six children of Mrs. Langdon, who are named, as should survive the testator, the $100,000 of water stock collectively; and the subsequent language in which their shares are spoken of and directed to be accumulated, would make them tenants in common of that stock. The doubt which exists in the case arises out of the language of the provision respecting the time of payment to the several children. The grammatical relation of the words "to be paid to each," is the $100,000 of city stock; and there is certainly force in the argument, that the verbal construction of the whole sentence would give that large amount to each of the children. But the grammatical construction is not necessarily the one which the sense requires. The design and office of the member of the sentence, in which the words which I have quoted occur, are to prescribe the time when the legacy is to be paid into the hands of the several legatees. They were infants at the time of the execution of the codicil; and if they should also be under age at the death of the testator, the legacies would be payable to them immediately or within one year after that event, and the administration of the funds would fall into the hands of their respective guardians. The testator determined that the management should remain with his executors until the children respectively attained their majority; and the purpose of this part of the sentence was to declare his pleasure in that respect. I do not think it was intended by this language to qualify the former operative words of gift. The subject, which was to be paid to each on attaining the age of twenty-one years, was not, I think, intended to be defined by these words; but only that each should receive, absolutely, what he was entitled to at that period, and not before. I do not say positively that this would be so if the sentence ended with these words; but the clause proceeds to speak of what he had given to these legatees as their shares, thus: "The interest of the shares of those under that age to be accumulated for their benefit until that period; and in case any of them shall die before that age without issue, then his or their shares shall go to the survivors." A share of a sum of money, or other devisable thing, is one of the parts into which it may be divided. When, therefore, the testator had, in the commencement of the sentence, named $100,000 as a legacy to the six children, and subsequently gave particular directions respecting their shares, I think he should be taken to mean shares in the $100,000 of stock, and consequently that that sum was to be divided into shares. I do not deny but that, in speaking in a general and indefinite way, distinct and separate legacies of separate sums, might be termed shares; but the first mentioned meaning would be the most natural, as it would be the more correct meaning. But little assistance can be derived from other portions of the testamentary papers. There are, it is true, several instances in the will and codicils, where a legacy or a sum of money is given to a class of persons, and an equal division among them is directed by express words, as in the case of the bequest of $5000 to the children of Maria Moore in the will itself, which is "to be equally divided among them;" and in that to the children of Hannah Moore, in the eighth section of the first codicil, where the same amount is given, with the same language respecting a division; and again in the same section of the second codicil, in which the legacy in question is found, where $100,000 in certificates of the trust company is bequeathed in remainder to the same children of Mrs. Langdon, with the direction that it is "to be equally divided among them." This would lead to an inference of some weight in favor of the plaintiff, were it not that there are countervailing examples of an opposite tendency. Where the amount named is intended to be multiplied, so that each legatee shall have the whole nominal sum, a very different phraseology is used from the one employed in the bequest under consideration. For instance, in the third clause of the will, the testator says: "To each of my said grandsons," naming them, "and to each of my said granddaughters," who are also named, "on their respectively attaining the age of twenty-four years, I give twenty-five thousand dollars," c. Then, in the eighth clause of the first codicil, the testator gives "to each of the children of George Ehringer, c., one thousand dollars." These bequests show that where the testator designed to give in one clause to each of several persons a legacy of an equal amount of money, there was a form of expression which he had frequently used, which he omitted to adopt in the clause under consideration; from which an inference of more or less force arises, that he did not intend to give each of them the $100,000. But I do not see that we are materially aided by a reference to these portions of the will. The draftsman does not appear to have always used uniform phraseology to express the same ideas, and we are thrown back to the language of the principal clause, which I have already considered.
The construction which I have given to these bequests is strongly corroborated by the consideration that the testator was not possessed of anything like the amount of the particular stock referred to, which would be necessary to satisfy the legacies upon the plaintiff's construction. He had but $120,000 of the water stock when he executed the codicil, by which it is said he bequeathed $600,000. It is true, the legacies are not specific, according to the received construction of the language in which they are given. ( Ward on Legacies, 26.) And, moreover, the testator has taken care that they shall not be so considered, by making an express provision that they should not be liable to be ademed. Still, we cannot overlook the idea that the bequests of stock, both in the will and in the codicils, have a certain reference to the amount of such property possessed by him. By a provision in the eleventh clause of the will, he anticipates the case of the stocks which he had given being paid off or becoming insecure; in which case he authorizes other investments to be made. He considers the bequests of stocks in some sense specific, for he so characterizes them; and he provides that in case he shall not be possessed of them at the time of his decease, the executors are to supply them by a purchase of stocks of the same or a similar kind. This eleventh clause of the will is applied to this bequest by the eighth clause of the fifth codicil. Upon the plaintiff's construction, the testator, as to nearly half a million of dollars of these legacies, must have had in view a purchase of stocks by himself or his executors. In other words, as to $480,000, the subject of the bequest was money, to be laid out in stocks. If this had actually been his intention, it is scarcely probable that he would have indicated a particular stock to be purchased, when it is evident from the provision last referred to, that he was alive to the fluctuating character of such securities. If the subject had been money to be laid out in stock, I think the direction would have been to purchase such stock as the executors deemed most advantageous; or, if he had intended to make the purchase in his life time, it is not likely that he would have fixed upon a particular stock in preference to any other. Indeed, if the testator had intended to give $600,000 to these legatees, and was aware, as he must be taken to have been, that he had only $120,000 of the water stock, it is quite improbable that he would have assumed to give all the legacies in such stock. Including the legacies under consideration, the testator, in his will and in the prior codicil, had given legacies of nine different kinds of funded securities, embracing state, city, bank and trust company stocks; and the evidence shows that in every instance he was the owner, at the time of executing the testamentary paper, of an amount of such stock equal to the sums which he bequeathed. In no instance did he bequeath a stock which he did not at the time possess, or a greater amount than he possessed. To my mind this is satisfactory evidence of the existence of a relation in the mind of the testator between the stocks which he owned and those which he bequeathed, and of a general intention to give only what he at the time had. At the same time he did not mean to embarrass himself in the future management of his estate; and hence the provision inserted for greater caution, declaring in substance that a sale or redemption of the stocks bequeathed, should not operate as an ademption of the legacies. Assuming the will, in respect to stocks, to have been formed on this theory, it is inconceivable that he should have given to these legatees nearly $500,000 of stock to which he had no title. Although the legacies in this case are not specific in the sense which requires that the thing should exist and be owned by the testator at the time of his death, in order to give effect to the bequest, it is still specific in a certain sense. They are legacies of quantity with a specific fund appropriated for the payment of them. Such provisions are sometimes called demonstrative legacies, the mention of the fund being rather by way of demonstration than of condition. ( See the cases cited in Ward on Legacies, 21, 22.) Considered in this light, the relation between the fund and the bequest, where the interpretation of the latter is in controversy, is the same as though the legacy was specific. The testator must be considered as having in his mind the particular fund which is thus contingently appropriated to satisfy the legacy. If we concede, then, that it is uncertain upon the language of the bequest, whether the testator intended to give $100,000 of this stock to all the legatees, or that amount to each of them, and we ascertain at the same time that the gifts, though not specific in the sense of conditions, had reference to certain stock which the testator owned, by way of demonstration, and as furnishing a fund from which, if it remained on hand, the legacy was to be satisfied, and we find that the amount of such stock possessed by him when he executed the will, would fully satisfy the legacies upon one construction, but would fall far short of doing so upon the other, there is a strong presumption that the former is the true interpretation. This inference, taken in connection with the presumption afforded by the practice of the testator in respect to the other stock legacies, of giving only what stock he possessed, has had a decisive influence upon my mind in favor of the construction upon which the defendants insist.
The advancements to Woodbury and Walter Langdon, do not seem to me to bear strongly upon the question under consideration. The settlements referred to are not testamentary papers to be necessarily taken into consideration in construing the testator's will. They are rather to be regarded as subsequent acts in pais, or in the light of declarations made after the execution of the will. But if they were parcel of the writings to be construed, like the later codicils, I do not think any safe argument favorable to the plaintiff could be deduced from them. These grandchildren were about to be married, and the question was again presented to the testator under different circumstances, as to the extent to which he would consider them in the bestowal of his bounty. It was clearly a part of his intention to revoke the legacies in their favor contained in the will and codicil, but it cannot be affirmed that he meant to limit them by the new provision to the same amount. A sentence in the deeds seems to me to lead to a different conclusion. The provision made by the settlement was to be "in anticipation and satisfaction of [the legacies] according to the amounts thereof and of this present disposition." The amount given by the deeds was $150,000 to each grandson, and this was just the amount of the legacies upon the plaintiff's construction; but upon the defendants, the provision by the settlement greatly exceeded the legacies. If the testator had understood he was giving precisely the same amount by the settlement which he had given by the legacies, the added words would have been unnecessary and unmeaning; but if he considered the new provision as a larger amount, he might properly say, as it appears to me he intended to do, that the new provision to the amount necessary to cancel the former one was an anticipation and satisfaction of such former provision.
My conclusion is that the supreme court gave the correct construction to the bequests, and that its judgment should be affirmed.
DEAN, J., delivered an opinion to the same effect as the foregoing.
Judgment affirmed.