Opinion
January 29, 1985
Appeal from the Supreme Court, Monroe County, Rubin K. Davis, J.
H. Paul Comisar ( Nino J. Marini of counsel), for appellant.
Hirsch Burke, P.C. ( Paul F. Shanahan of counsel), for respondents.
The question presented on this appeal is: when does a cause of action for wrongful death "accrue" for purposes of the Public Authorities Law?
Plaintiff's intestate was struck and killed by an automobile driven by defendant Cynthia Langner on August 17, 1982. The accident occurred while decedent was crossing a road to catch a bus owned by defendant Regional Transit Service (RTS) and driven by defendant Apostle Zaharaides, an employee of RTS. Plaintiff was appointed as administratrix of decedent's estate on December 22, 1983 and commenced the action in March, 1984.
Defendants RTS and Zaharaides moved to dismiss the complaint as time barred for failure to commence the action within one year of the time the action accrued as required by subdivision 2 of section 1299-rr Pub. Auth. of the Public Authorities Law. Special Term granted the motion and plaintiff appeals. We reverse.
The parties agree that the Statute of Limitations set forth in the Public Authorities Law applies to a wrongful death action (see Andersen v. Long Is. R.R., 88 A.D.2d 328, 340, affd 59 N.Y.2d 657). The relevant statutory provision states: "[a]n action against the authority founded on tort shall not be commenced more than one year after the cause of action therefor shall have accrued" (Public Authorities Law, § 1299-rr, subd 2). The parties disagree, however, on when a cause of action for wrongful death "accrues".
Defendants rely on Andersen v. Long Is. R.R. ( supra) for the proposition that a wrongful death action "accrues" at the moment of death. The case did not so hold, however, since the issue of "accrual" was not specifically addressed in the opinion (see D'Andrea v. Long Is. R.R. Co., 122 Misc.2d 760). For the same reason, and also because there is no indication that the claim was for wrongful death, we place no reliance on Penner v National R.R. Passenger Corp. ( 98 A.D.2d 631).
The cause of action for wrongful death was unknown to the common law and is purely a creation of statute ( Crapo v. City of Syracuse, 183 N.Y. 395, 399). In New York, such actions are constitutionally guaranteed (NY Const, art I, § 16) and are provided for in EPTL 5-4.1. Significantly, a wrongful death action is brought not on behalf of the decedent's estate, but on behalf of the decedent's distributees, and the damages recoverable are not compensation for the injury sustained by the decedent, but for injuries suffered by the distributees as a result of the decedent's death ( George v. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 47 N.Y.2d 170, 176). Accordingly, the appointment of a qualified administrator is essential to the maintenance of the action and "the statutory right to recover for wrongful death does not even arise until an administrator has been named through the issuance of letters of administration ( Carrick v. Central Gen. Hosp., 51 N.Y.2d 242, 249, n 2).
Since the cause of action for wrongful death is not complete until the appointment of an administrator, it has long been the rule that the cause of action for wrongful death does not "accrue" until the appointment of the administrator ( Crapo v City of Syracuse, supra; Gibbons v. City of Troy, 91 A.D.2d 707; Forero v. Town of Tuxedo, 51 A.D.2d 443, 445; Erickson v. Town of Henderson, 30 A.D.2d 282, 284; Matter of Sellars v. MVAIC, 20 A.D.2d 350, 353; McDonough v. Cestare, 3 A.D.2d 201, 205; see, also, Matter of Johnson [ Lumbermen's Mut. Ins. Co.], 88 A.D.2d 1, 3).
The usual Statute of Limitations for a wrongful death action does not run from the accrual of the cause of action, but from the date of decedent's death (EPTL 5-4.1). Thus, "accrual" of the cause of action is generally irrelevant. Although the term "accrual" is regularly employed in statutory language (see, e.g., CPLR 203, subd [a]), it is not defined. We have previously observed that "`[a] cause of action may be said to accrue when the plaintiff has a right to commence an action'" ( Erickson v Town of Henderson, supra, p 284, quoting Christian v. Village of Herkimer, 5 A.D.2d 62, 64, affd 5 N.Y.2d 818). It is well settled that there is no right to commence an action for wrongful death in the absence of a duly appointed administrator (see Carrick v Central Gen. Hosp., supra, and Bernardez v. City of New York, 100 A.D.2d 798 [both noting that a cause of action for wrongful death must be dismissed where the plaintiff had not yet been issued letters of administration]). Since there is no right to commence the cause of action for wrongful death prior to appointment of an administrator, the action cannot be said to have accrued before then.
The Public Authorities Law provides that the Statute of Limitations therein begins to run when the cause of action accrues. There is no requirement, therefore, that the cause of action be commenced within one year of death, but only within one year of the appointment of an administrator. We observe that this construction is consistent with prior decisions construing notice of claim statutes requiring the notice to be served within some period of time after a cause of action accrues (see, e.g., Crapo v. City of Syracuse, supra; Joseph v. McVeigh, 285 App. Div. 386, affd 309 N.Y. 877; Buduson v. Curtis, 285 App. Div. 517, affd 309 N.Y. 879). If a shorter period of time within which the action must be commenced is deemed desirable by the Legislature, the one-year period could be made to run from "the happening of the event" (see Erickson v. Town of Henderson, supra, pp 284-285; see, also, Doyle v. 800, Inc., 72 A.D.2d 761, 762).
Finally, we observe that an action for wrongful death must be brought not only within the time period prescribed by the Public Authorities Law, but also within two years after decedent's death as required by EPTL 5-4.1 Est. Powers Trusts (see Andersen v. Long Is. R.R., supra, p 341; see, also, Santaniello v. De Francisco, 73 Misc.2d 934, on rearg 74 Misc.2d 229, affd 44 A.D.2d 831).
In the instant case, the cause of action was commenced both within two years of death and within one year of the appointment of the administratrix. Accordingly, the order should be reversed, and the motion to dismiss should be denied.
BOOMER, GREEN, O'DONNELL and SCHNEPP, JJ., concur.
Order unanimously reversed, on the law, with costs, and motion denied.