Opinion
CIVIL ACTION NO. 18-5400
02-27-2020
ANTHONY B. DAVIS, Plaintiff, v. ANDREW SAUL, Commissioner of Social Security Administration, Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This action was brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), seeking judicial review of the final decision of the Commissioner of the Social Security Administration (the "Commissioner"), which denied the application of Anthony Davis ("Davis" or "Plaintiff") for Disability Insurance Benefits ("DIB") under Title II of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 301, et seq. (the "Act"). Presently before the Court is Plaintiff's "Brief and Statement of Issues on Appeal" ("Pl. Br.") (Doc. 19); "Defendant's Response to Request for Review of Plaintiff" ("Def. Br.") (Doc. 20); and "Plaintiff's Reply Brief" ("Pl. Reply") (Doc. 23); together with the record of the proceedings before the Administrative Law Judge ("ALJ") (Doc. 10). Plaintiff asserts that "the decision of the Commissioner of Social Security should be vacated and the matter be remanded." (Pl. Br. at 15-16). The Commissioner asks the court to affirm the ALJ's decision. (Def. Br. at 19). For the reasons set out below, we grant Plaintiff's request for review, vacate the administrative decision, and remand the matter to the Commissioner for further proceedings.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The request for review before the court concerns and administrative decision resolving Davis' claim for DIB. Davis filed his application on August 7, 2015, alleging disability beginning on July 10, 2015. (R. 151-52). In his disability report he listed his conditions as coronary disease, high blood pressure, and depression. (R. 184). His application was denied, and he requested review by an ALJ. A hearing was held before an ALJ on March 28, 2018. (R. 28-45). At the hearing both Davis and a vocational expert testified.
On May 30, 2018 the ALJ issued an unfavorable decision. (R. 10-14). The ALJ found that Davis "returned to substantial gainful activity less than 12 months after his alleged onset date of disability and continued to engage in that activity." (R. 13). Davis sought review in the Appeals Counsel but on October 12, 2018 that body declined to disturb the ALJ's decision, rendering it the final decision of the Commissioner. (R. 1). This litigation followed.
II. DISCUSSION
Plaintiff argues for remand based on the Appointments Clause, asserting that "[t]he ALJ was not properly appointed and the case should be vacated and remanded." (Pl. Br. at 2). The ALJ who conducted his hearing on March 28, 2018 and issued a decision on May 30, 2018 had not been "properly appointed" as of those dates. See Lucia v. S.E.C., 138 S. Ct. 2044, 2055 (2018). Although the ALJ was not constitutionally appointed at the time of the hearing or decision, Plaintiff' had not raised any challenge to the appointment of the Social Security Administration Administrative Law Judge (SSA ALJ) during her administrative proceedings. (Def. Br. at 4). The Commissioner argues that "Plaintiff's failure to raise his Appointments Clause challenge at any point in the administrative process forfeits his claim." (Def. Br. at 13).
The Acting Commissioner of the SSA ratified and approved the SSA ALJs' appointments on July 16, 2018. Soc. Sec. Admin., EM-18003 REV 2, Important Information Regarding Possible Challenges to the Appointment of Administrative Law Judges in SSA's Administrative Process-Update (effective date 08/06/2018).
Plaintiff's position relies on the United States Supreme Court's holding in Lucia v. SEC, decided on June 21, 2018, that the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") ALJs are "Officers of the United States" subject to the Appointments Clause. 138 S. Ct. 2044, 2049 (2018). Under the Appointments Clause, only the President, "Courts of Law," or "Heads of Departments" can appoint "Officers." U.S. CONST. art. II, § 2, cl. 2. As none of those actors had appointed the SEC ALJs in Lucia, the Supreme Court held that the appointment was in violation of the Clause.
Lucia's reasoning has been applied to other ALJs in other agencies, requiring that they, as "inferior officers," be appointed according to the Appointments Clause. See, e.g., Bank of Louisiana v. FDIC, 919 F.3d 916, 921 (5th Cir. 2019) (FDIC ALJs); Jones Bros., Inc. v. Sec'y of Labor, 898 F.3d 669, 679 (6th Cir. 2018) (Department of Labor Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission ALJs); Island Creek Coal Co. v. Wilkerson, 910 F.3d 254, 257 (6th Cir. 2018) (Department of Labor Benefits Review Board ALJs). It is uncontested the SSA ALJs were not appointed pursuant to the Appointments Clause until July 16, 2018. Soc. Sec. Admin., EM-18003 REV 2, Important Information Regarding Possible Challenges to the Appointment of Administrative Law Judges in SSA's Administrative Process-Update (effective date 08/06/2018).
The issue of whether an Appointments Clause challenge to a SSA ALJ requires the plaintiff to have exhausted this claim during the administrative proceedings came before the Third Circuit Court of Appeals in Cirko v. Commissioner of Social Security, Nos. 19-1772, 19-1773, 2020 WL 370832 (3rd Cir. Jan. 23, 2020) on appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, where the "District Court declined to require exhaustion, vacated the agency's decisions, and remanded for new hearings before different, properly appointed ALJs." Id. at *1. The Commissioner appealed that decision. The court of appeals considered the purpose of the Appointments Clause and exhaustion requirements, as well as the interests of the individual in maintaining an Appointments Clause challenge as compared to the governmental interest in requiring exhaustion. Ultimately, on January 23, 2020 the court affirmed the judgment of the District Court. This opinion controls our determination here that the decision in Davis' case should be vacated and the case remanded for a new hearing before a different properly appointed ALJ.
We do not reach Davis' additional claims in that we have found a basis for remand and any alleged errors may be cured upon remand. See Steininger v. Barnhart, No. 04-5383, 2005 WL 2077375, at *4 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 24, 2005) (where basis for remand is found, additional arguments need not be addressed as ALJ may reverse his findings after remand). --------
III. CONCLUSION
Davis' hearing took place before an ALJ not appointed in accordance with the Appointments Clause of the United States Constitution. The precedential opinion in Cirko v. Commissioner of Social Security requires that the ALJ's opinion be vacated, and that Davis' case be remanded for a new hearing before a different, constitutionally appointed ALJ. An appropriate order follows.
BY THE COURT:
/s/ David R. Strawbridge, USMJ
DAVID R. STRAWBRIDGE
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE