Summary
In Davis v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 246, 402 S.E.2d 711 (1991), the Charlotte County Circuit Court had declared Davis a habitual offender in 1975, stating in its order of revocation that "his privilege to operate a motor vehicle in this state is revoked for a period of ten (10) years from the date of this order."
Summary of this case from Bunn v. CommonwealthOpinion
47032 No. 1415-89-3
Decided April 9, 1991
(1) Motor Vehicles — Habitual Offenders — Standard. — While habitual offender proceedings are civil in nature, a proceeding under Code Sec. 46.1-387.8 is criminal and violations are punished as felonies; therefore, Code Sec. 46.1-387.8 must be strictly construed against the state and limited in application to cases falling clearly within the language of the statute.
(2) Motor Vehicles — Habitual Offenders — Standard. — Code Sec. 46.1-387.8 provides that it shall be unlawful for any person to operate any motor vehicle in the Commonwealth while the order of the court prohibiting such operation remains in effect; this statute does not require restoration proceedings before the driving privilege may be resumed.
Joseph A. Sanzone (Paul Whitehead Associates, on brief), for appellant.
Eugene Murphy, Assistant Attorney General (Mary Sue Terry, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
SUMMARY
Defendant was convicted of driving after having been declared an habitual offender. He argued that the conviction was invalid because the order declaring him to be an habitual offender and revoking his privilege to drive for a period of ten years, entered in 1975, contained no provision that the revocation would remain in effect until his privilege was restored (Circuit Court of the City of Lynchburg, Richard S. Miller, Judge).
The Court of Appeals reversed, holding that, in the absence of a provision that the revocation would remain in effect until the driving privilege was restored, the order prohibited appellant from driving for a period of ten years, which period had elapsed at the time of his arrest.
Reversed.
OPINION
On May 6, 1975, the Circuit Court of Charlotte County declared Calvin Windell Davis to be an habitual offender as defined in Code Sec. 46.1-387.2 (now Code Sec. 46.2-351). The trial court's order revoked Davis' driving privilege for a period of ten years, but contained no provision incorporating the requirement of Code Sec. 46.1-387.9 (now Code Sec. 46.2-358) that the revocation would remain in effect until the privilege was restored or until Davis petitioned the court at the expiration of the ten-year period in order to restore his driving privilege.
Code Sec. 46.1-387.9. Restoration of privilege of operating motor vehicle; when petition may be brought; terms and conditions. — At the expiration of ten years from the date of any final order of a court entered under the provisions of this article, finding a person to be an habitual offender and directing him not to operate a motor vehicle in this Commonwealth, such person may petition the court . . . for restoration of his privilege to operate a motor vehicle in this Commonwealth. Upon such petition, and for good cause shown, such court may, in its discretion, restore to such person the privilege to operate a motor vehicle in this Commonwealth upon such terms and conditions as this court may prescribe, subject to other provisions of law relating to the issuance of driver's license.
The Charlotte County order reads, in pertinent part: "The Court doth ADJUDGE, ORDER, and DECREE that said Calvin Windell Davis is such an `habitual offender' as is set forth in Section 46.1-387.2 of the Code of Virginia, 1950, as amended, and that his privilege to operate a motor vehicle in this state is revoked for a period of ten (10) years from the date of this order."
Davis never petitioned the court to have his driving privilege restored. On April 25, 1989, he was stopped by an officer of the Lynchburg Police Department who noticed that Davis was driving a vehicle with an expired inspection sticker and which displayed only one Virginia license plate. Davis fled from his vehicle. When caught, Davis told the officer that he did not have a driver's license. The officer ran a check with the Department of Motor Vehicles and learned that Davis was classified as an habitual offender, having been so declared fourteen years earlier. Davis was arrested and charged with driving after having been declared an habitual offender. Following a bench trial, the Circuit Court of the City of Lynchburg found Davis guilty of driving after having been adjudicated an habitual offender in violation of Code Sec. 46.1-387.8 (now Code Sec. 46.2-357). Davis was sentenced to three years imprisonment with two years suspended.
On appeal, Davis claims that because the language of the May 6, 1975, Charlotte County order merely revoked his license for ten years and contained no provision that the revocation would remain in effect under Code Sec. 46.1-387.9 "until the privilege . . . to operate a motor vehicle in this Commonwealth has been restored" his felony conviction for having driven fourteen years later is invalid. We agree.
(1) While habitual offender proceedings are civil in nature, Bouldin v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 166, 170-71, 355 S.E.2d 352, 355 (1987), a proceeding under Sec. 46.1-387.8 is criminal, and violations are punished as felonies. See Virginia ex rel. Shifflett v. Cook, 333 F. Supp. 718 (W.D. Va. 1971). Therefore, Code Sec. 46.1-387.8, as all penal statutes, "must be strictly construed against the state and limited in application to cases falling clearly within the language of the statute." Crews v. Commonwealth, 3 Va. App. 531, 536, 352 S.E.2d 1, 3 (1987).
(2) Code Sec. 46.1-387.8 provides, in pertinent part, that "[i]t shall be unlawful for any person to operate any motor vehicle in the Commonwealth while the order of the court prohibiting such operation remains in effect." (emphasis added). This statute does not require restoration proceedings before the driving privilege may be resumed. While Code Sec. 46.1-387.7 (now Code Sec. 46.2-356) defines the period during which an habitual offender may not be issued a license, it has no bearing on the definition of the felony. Code Sec. 46.1-387.8 defines the felony in terms of the court's order and prohibits the person who has been declared an habitual offender from driving while the order remains in effect. The Charlotte County order revoked Davis' privilege to drive for ten years; the order contained no provision that the revocation would remain in force until the privilege was restored. Giving full force and effect to the order as it reads, we hold that it revoked Davis' license and prohibited him from driving for a period of ten years, which period of time has elapsed.
Code Sec. 46.1-387.7. Period during which habitual offender not to be licensed to operate motor vehicle. — No license to operate motor vehicles in Virginia shall be issued to an habitual offender, (1) for a period of ten years from the date of the order of the court finding such person to be an habitual offender, and (2) until the privilege of such person to operate a motor vehicle in this Commonwealth has been restored by an order of a court of record entered in a proceeding as hereinafter provided.
Our decision in no way alters the restoration requirements of the Habitual Offender Act, which Davis clearly did not follow. Had the order provided that the revocation would remain in force until the privilege was restored, the conviction would stand.
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the felony conviction of Calvin Windell Davis.
Reversed.
Keenan, J., and Moon, J., concurred.