Opinion
No. 08-02-00150-CR.
March 27, 2003. DO NOT PUBLISH, Tex.R.App.P. 47.2(b).
Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 4 of Collin County, Texas.
Before LARSEN, McCLURE, and CHEW, JJ.
OPINION
Joshua Van Danzi was charged with possession of a criminal instrument and theft of property valued between $50 and $500. After a bench trial, he was convicted, sentenced to 180 days of confinement, and ordered to pay a $1,000 fine for each offense. Danzi has filed a joint brief that presents four issues. In this opinion, we will address only those issues related to his theft conviction. Finding no reversible error on those issues, we will affirm.
Speedy Trial
In his first issue, Danzi argues he is entitled to an acquittal because the State failed to provide him a speedy trial. Both the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, § 10 of the Texas Constitution guarantee an accused a speedy trial. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has traditionally analyzed both state and federal speedy trial issues using the four-factor balancing test established by the United States Supreme Court in Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972). See Zamorano v. State, 84 S.W.3d 643, 648 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002). The four factors are: (1) the length of the delay; (2) the reason for the delay; (3) the defendant's assertion of the right to a speedy trial; and (4) the prejudice to the defendant resulting from the delay. Barker, 407 U.S. at 530, 92 S.Ct. at 2192. In reviewing the trial court's decision on a speedy trial claim, we apply a bifurcated standard of review: an abuse of discretion standard for the factual components, and a de novo standard for the legal components. Zamorano, 84 S.W.3d at 648. This means that we must independently weigh and balance the Barker factors. State v. Munoz, 991 S.W.2d 818, 821 (Tex.Crim. App. 1999). It also means, because Danzi lost in the trial court on his speedy trial claim, that we must presume the trial court resolved any disputed fact issues in the prosecution's favor. Zamorano, 84 S.W.3d at 648. Length of the Delay The length of the delay factor entails a two-part analysis. First, this factor acts as a triggering mechanism for consideration of the other factors. Barker, 407 U.S. at 530, 92 S.Ct. at 2192. Until there is a delay that is presumptively prejudicial, there is no need to consider the other factors. Id., 92 S.Ct. at 2192. In general, courts have deemed delay approaching one year to be unreasonable enough to trigger consideration of all the Barker factors. Dragoo v. State, 96 S.W.3d 308, 314 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003). Second, if consideration of all the factors has been triggered, the court must then consider, as one factor among several, the extent to which the delay stretched beyond the bare minimum needed to trigger judicial examination of the speedy trial claim. Doggett v. U.S., 505 U.S. 647, 652, 112 S.Ct. 2686, 2691, 120 L.Ed.2d 520 (1992). The presumption that pretrial delay has prejudiced the defendant intensifies over time. Id., 112 S.Ct. at 2691. And "the delay that can be tolerated for an ordinary street crime is considerably less than for a serious, complex conspiracy charge." Barker, 407 U.S. at 531, 92 S.Ct. at 2192. The length of delay is measured from the time the defendant is arrested or formally accused. Dragoo, 96 S.W.3d at 313. Danzi was arrested on March 7, 2001, and was not tried until March 6, 2002. As the State concedes, this one-year delay triggers consideration of all the Barker factors. Furthermore, Danzi was charged with relatively uncomplex, ordinary street crimes — misdemeanor theft and possession of a criminal instrument. Reason for the Delay Different weights should be assigned to different reasons for delay. Barker, 407 U.S. at 531, 92 S.Ct. at 2192. A deliberate attempt to delay trial to hamper the defense should, of course, be weighed heavily against the State. Id., 92 S.Ct. at 2192. More neutral reasons, such as negligence or crowded dockets should also be weighed against the State, but less heavily than deliberate delay. Id., 92 S.Ct. at 2192. Valid reasons should not be weighed against the State at all. Id., 92 S.Ct. at 2192. And, according to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, delay that is attributable in whole or in part to the defendant may constitute a waiver of the speedy trial claim. Munoz, 991 S.W.2d at 822. The information was filed on August 3, 2001, and the first setting of the case was scheduled for September 6, 2001. Because the record is silent as to a reason for this six-month delay from the date of arrest, we will weigh this delay against the State, but only slightly. See Dragoo, 96 S.W.3d at 314; Zamorano, 84 S.W.3d at 649-50. Danzi failed to appear on September 6, but he did appear the next day and agreed to reset the case for October 1, 2001. We will not weigh this delay against the State. See Munoz, 991 S.W.2d at 822. On October 1, Danzi requested counsel and the court appointed counsel for him. The case was then set for a plea hearing on October 29. We will not weigh the period in which the parties were negotiating a plea against the State. See id. at 824 ("[D]elay caused by good faith plea negotiations is a valid reason for the delay and should not be weighed against the prosecution."). On October 29, the case was reset for a bench trial on January 31, 2002. Danzi's appellate counsel, who was also trial counsel, concedes that Danzi did not object to this resetting and that he gained certain tactical advantages in deciding to carry the motion to suppress with the trial. Therefore, we will not weigh this delay against the State. See id. at 822. On January 31, the court granted the State's motion for a continuance, resetting the case for March 1, 2002. According to the verified motion for a continuance and the prosecutor's testimony at the speedy trial hearing, the continuance was sought because the State had been unable to subpoena or contact the victim. The prosecutor claimed that she had left phone messages and business cards at the victim's residence, that a subpoena had been issued, and that a constable had waited at the victim's residence for lengthy periods to serve the subpoena. But, as Danzi points out, the victim did appear for court later in the day after the continuance was granted. On March 1, the case was reset to March 6, and the court issued a bench warrant for the victim. Because the trial court ruled against Danzi on his speedy trial claim, we presume the court found that the prosecutor was not negligent in failing to secure the victim's appearance. See Zamorano, 84 S.W.3d at 648. A missing witness is a valid reason for delay. Barker, 407 U.S. at 531, 92 S.Ct. at 2192. We therefore do not weigh this delay against the State. Assertion of the Right Because a defendant has no duty to bring himself to trial, failure to demand a speedy trial does not result in waiver of the right. Id. at 527-28, 92 S.Ct. at 2190-91. But the defendant's assertion of his right to a speedy trial is entitled to strong evidentiary weight in determining whether he has been deprived of the right. Id. at 531-32, 92 S.Ct. at 2192-93. Failure to assert the right will make it difficult for a defendant to prove that he was denied a speedy trial. Id. at 532, 92 S.Ct. at 2193. Danzi did not assert his right to a speedy trial until March 4, 2002. On that date, he filed a motion to set aside the information and a motion for a speedy trial. The motion for a speedy trial stated that Danzi would be prejudiced "should trial not be held on or before March 6, 2002." March 6, 2002 is the date Danzi was actually tried. Prejudice Prejudice must be assessed in light of the interests a speedy trial is designed to protect. Barker, 407 U.S. at 532, 92 S.Ct. at 2193. These interests are: (1) preventing oppressive pretrial incarceration; (2) minimizing anxiety and concern of the accused; and (3) limiting the possibility that the defense will be impaired. Id., 92 S.Ct. at 2193. Of these three, the most serious is the last, because the inability of the defendant to prepare a defense skews the fairness of the entire system. Id., 92 S.Ct. at 2193. Danzi posted bond on the day he was arrested and was apparently not incarcerated while he waited to be brought to trial. We recognize that even though he was not incarcerated, he faced restraints on his liberty. See id. at 533, 92 S.Ct. at 2193. Still, we conclude that the interest in preventing oppressive pretrial incarceration does not weigh heavily here. See Zamorano, 84 S.W.3d at 652. Danzi testified that he had been "stressed out" and had suffered some anxiety and concern about the pending charges. He also testified that he had been accepted to a school in Arizona, but the school would not allow him to attend until the charges were resolved. On cross-examination, he acknowledged that he had other criminal cases pending. Danzi testified that he had lost income because he had to take time off from work each time the case was set. On cross-examination, he admitted that he did not work between October and January. Because the trial court ruled against Danzi, we presume the court did not credit his testimony about stress and lost wages. See Zamorano, 84 S.W.3d at 648. Furthermore, the fact that other charges were pending against him cuts against his claim that resolution of these charges would have freed him to attend school. The interest in minimizing anxiety and concern thus does not weigh heavily. Finally, Danzi did not suggest below or in this Court how his defense was impaired by the delay. The failure to demonstrate any specific prejudice is not fatal to a speedy trial claim. Zamorano, 84 S.W.3d at 652 n. 49. But this failure does indicate that the interest in limiting impairment of the defense is not strongly implicated. Id. at 652. Balancing the Factors Having considered the four Barker factors, we conclude that Danzi was not denied his right to a speedy trial. Although there was a delay of a year in a noncomplex case, the reasons for the delay do not weigh heavily against the State. Part of the delay was due to a tactical decision by defense counsel, and another part of the delay was due to a missing witness. The prejudice factor weighs against finding a violation because there is no indication that the defense was impaired and Danzi was not incarcerated pending trial. Lastly, we note that Danzi did not assert his right to a speedy trial for nearly a year, and the trial was held only two days after he raised the issue.Sufficiency of the Evidence
In his third issue, Danzi argues that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient. Standard of Review To determine whether the evidence is legally sufficient, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether a rational fact finder could find the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2788-89, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). The fact finder, here the trial judge, is the sole judge of the weight of the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses. Drost v. State, 47 S.W.3d 41, 44 (Tex.App.-El Paso 2001, pet. ref'd). To determine whether the evidence is factually sufficient, we view all the evidence in a neutral light, rather than in the light most favorable to the verdict. Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000); Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 134 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996); Nunez v. State, 27 S.W.3d 210, 218 (Tex.App.-El Paso 2000, no pet.). We review the evidence weighed by the fact finder that tends to prove the existence of the elemental fact in dispute and compare it with the evidence that tends to disprove that fact. Johnson, 23 S.W.3d at 7; Nunez, 27 S.W.3d at 218. We must reverse if the proof of guilt is so obviously weak as to undermine confidence in the fact finder's determination, or if the proof of guilt, although adequate standing alone, is greatly outweighed by contrary proof. Johnson, 23 S.W.3d at 11. Although we are authorized to disagree with the fact finder's determination, we must nevertheless employ appropriate, but not absolute, deference to prevent substituting our judgment for that of the fact finder. Id. at 7-9; Nunez, 27 S.W.3d at 218. "The authority . . . to disagree with the fact finder's determination is appropriate only when the record clearly indicates such a step is necessary to arrest the occurrence of a manifest injustice." Johnson, 23 S.W.3d at 9. In conducting our review of the sufficiency of the evidence, we consider all the evidence, whether properly or improperly admitted. Wilson v. State, 7 S.W.3d 136, 141 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999); Arzaga v. State, 86 S.W.3d 767, 777-78 (Tex.App.-El Paso 2002, no pet.). The Evidence Danzi was charged with unlawfully appropriating a compact disc player with a value of $50 or more, but less than $500, from H. Velasquez, without his effective consent. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 31.03(a), (b)(1), (e)(2)(A)(i) (Vernon 2003). The following evidence was adduced at trial. Plano Police Officer Frank Dockery testified that on March 7, 2001, at approximately 3 a.m., he was dispatched to the North Cypress area on a "dog barking call." When he arrived, he noticed a car at 2722 North Cypress with a broken window, an open trunk, and wires coming out of the dashboard where a stereo had apparently been. Officer Dockery knocked on the door of the house at 2722 North Cypress and got the occupant, Humberto Velasquez, out of bed. Velasquez said that he was the owner of the car and that there were some items missing from it. Officer Ronald Kress testified that he was dispatched to backup Officer Dockery. At some point after he was dispatched, Officer Dockery told him that a stereo and some other items had been taken from Velasquez's car. While he was on his way, he made a traffic stop of a vehicle in the area. Danzi was the driver of the vehicle and Jerry Payne was a passenger. Other officers arrived at the scene of the traffic stop, and the officers searched the vehicle. Officer Kress testified that during the search, "[i]tems were located in the trunk and recovered that were later determined to be stolen property from the burglary of the motor vehicle that had occurred at 2722 North Cypress." One of the items found in the trunk was a CD player. The officers also found a slim jim, two different types of screwdrivers, and a flashlight. Officer Kress testified that he asked Officer Dockery to bring Velasquez to the scene of the traffic stop to determine whether the CD player was his. Officer Dockery testified that he took Velasquez to the "traffic stop location around the corner where Mr. Velasquez identified his property." Officer Kress testified that the CD player found in the trunk of Danzi's car had a black mark on the upper corner of the faceplate. The prosecutor asked Officer Kress, "Did the victim point out the black marker on the model number to identify his stereo equipment, the CD player?" Over defense counsel's hearsay objection, Officer Kress responded, "Yes, ma'am, he did." Regarding the value of the CD player, Officer Kress gave the following testimony:Q Are you familiar with the value of a CD player such as the one that you observed in Mr. Danzi's trunk that night?
A The general price range, yes, ma'am.
Q What was the value of that CD player that was in Mr. Danzi's trunk?
A Between $200 and $300.
. . .
Q Have you shopped for CD players around the time that this event occurred?
A Not around that exact time, no, ma'am, but just within the last five months.
Q And you've actually looked at CD players similar to that?
A Yes, ma'am.
A written statement made by Danzi was admitted into evidence without objection. In the statement, Danzi reported that Payne called him and asked if he wanted to go car-jacking. Danzi told him "no but that if he got me a car stereo that I would buy it from him." At around 2 a.m., he went to Payne's house and Payne showed him a car stereo, car amplifier, and big box with two subwoofers. They put the stereo in Danzi's trunk and headed for Danzi's girlfriend's house. While they were on their way, Payne told Danzi to "drive by where he jacked it." The statement also recites, "The tools in my care [sic] were not used by Jerry Payne to break into any vehicles. The slim jim was used by me 5 months ago to get my fiancé's keys out of her car."At trial, Danzi reiterated that Payne called him and told him he had a stereo for him to "check out" and that on the way to Danzi's girlfriend's house, Payne suggested that they drive by the car where Payne had gotten the stereo. He testified that a couple of weeks earlier he had locked his keys in his car at the carwash. His girlfriend bought the slim jim at an Auto Zone and the owner of the car wash used it to retrieve his keys. He explained the inconsistency between this version of events and the version presented in his written statement by saying that both he and his girlfriend have a slim jim. He stated that the other tools were in his car because he works at a mechanic shop. Ownership Noting that the victim did not testify, Danzi argues that the evidence is insufficient to establish that "H. Velasquez" was the owner of the CD player. Officer Dockery testified that Humberto Velasquez was the occupant of the house at 2722 North Cypress, that Velasquez owned the car parked there, and that some items were missing from the car. He also testified that he took Velasquez to the "traffic stop location around the corner where Mr. Velasquez identified his property." Moreover, Officer Kress testified that "[i]tems were located in the trunk and recovered that were later determined to be stolen property from the burglary of the motor vehicle that had occurred at 2722 North Cypress." Officer Kress specifically noted that a CD player was found in the trunk. Officer Kress also testified that the CD player had a black mark on it and that the victim pointed out the black mark to identify the CD player as his. A rational fact finder could determine from this evidence that "H. Velasquez" was the owner of the CD player found in Danzi's trunk. The evidence is not so obviously weak as to undermine confidence in the fact finder's determination, and there is no contrary proof. Accordingly, the evidence is both legally and factually sufficient to establish the element of ownership. Effective Consent Danzi argues that the evidence is insufficient to establish that the CD player was appropriated without Velasquez's effective consent. Lack of effective consent may be proven by circumstantial evidence. Smith v. State, 710 S.W.2d 947, 948 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1986, no pet.). The evidence suggests that Velasquez was asleep when the CD player was taken. When Officer Dockery got him out of bed, he stated that items were missing from his car. And Officer Dockery discovered the car with its trunk open, a window broken out, and wires sticking out of the dashboard. A rational fact finder could infer from this evidence that the CD player was appropriated without Velasquez's consent. Again, the evidence is not so obviously weak as to undermine confidence in the fact finder's determination, and there is no contrary proof. Accordingly, the evidence is both legally and factually sufficient to establish the element of effective consent. Value Danzi argues that the evidence is insufficient to establish that the value of the CD player was $50 or more but less than $500. In particular, he argues that the State only presented evidence regarding replacement cost and that the State presented no evidence of the value of the CD player at the time of the offense. "Value" is statutorily defined as either "fair market value . . . at the time and place of the offense" or if the fair market value cannot be ascertained, "the cost of replacing the property within a reasonable time after the theft." Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 31.08(a) (Vernon 2003). "Fair market value" has been defined in the case law as what the property would sell for in cash, given a reasonable time for selling it. Keeton v. State, 803 S.W.2d 304, 305 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991). The only evidence regarding value is the testimony of Officer Kress quoted above. The prosecutor asked him the value of "that CD player" that was in Danzi's trunk. She also asked Officer Kress if he had shopped for CD players "similar" to the one found in Danzi's trunk. These questions did not inquire as to what it would cost to replace the CD player or what it would cost for a new CD player. Consequently, a rational fact finder could infer that Officer Kress's testimony related to fair market value, rather than replacement cost. The offense was committed in March 2001, and the trial was held in March 2002. Officer Kress testified that he had shopped for similar CD players within the last five months. Thus, he described the value of the CD player seven to twelve months after the date of the offense. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held that testimony regarding market value nine months after the date of the offense was sufficient to establish value at the time of the offense. See Brown v. State, 460 S.W.2d 925, 926 (Tex.Crim.App. 1970). In Brown, as in this case, the accused did not object to the manner of proving value. See id. The Court of Criminal Appeals has made clear that if the accused does not approve of the State's manner of proving value, he must object at trial. See, e.g., Brown v. State, 640 S.W.2d 275, 279 (Tex.Crim.App. 1982). Based on these authorities, and noting that there was no contrary proof, we conclude that the evidence was both legally and factually sufficient to establish the fair market value of the CD player.