Opinion
No. 31113
Decided February 18, 1948.
Negligence — Motor vehicles — Owner's liability to guest abrogated, except for wilful or wanton misconduct — Section 6308-6, General Code — Pleading — Cause of action not stated by petition — Allegation that injury received as invites of driver of truck owner — That owner entrusted truck to incompetent driver and that truck negligently operated — But no averment injury resulted from owner's wilful or wanton misconduct — Guest a trespasser as to owner.
1. Section 6308-6, General Code, known as the "Guest Statute," completely abrogates the liability of an owner, operator or person responsible for the operation of a motor vehicle to a guest while being transported without payment therefor, for damages for injuries or death, except where such injuries or death are caused by the wilful or wanton misconduct of such operator, owner or person responsible for the operation of such motor vehicle. (Paragraph one of the syllabus in Vecchio v. Vecchio, 131 Ohio St. 59, approved and followed.)
2. In an action against the owner of a truck for damages resulting from its negligent operation, a petition, which alleges that the plaintiff was being transported in the defendant's truck as an invitee of the defendant's employee, the driver of the truck, and without payment therefor, and that plaintiff was injured by reason of the combined negligence of the owner of the truck and the driver thereof, in that the owner negligently entrusted his truck to an incompetent driver, and the driver negligently operated the vehicle, does not state a cause of action against the owner in the absence of averment of facts showing that the injury resulted from the wilful or wanton misconduct of the owner. The plaintiff in such case is a trespasser as to the owner, and the owner's duty is only not to wilfully or wantonly injure him. ( Union Gas Electric Co. v. Crouch, a Minor, 123 Ohio St. 81, approved and followed.)
APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Washington county.
This case originated in the Court of Common Pleas of Washington county. It is an action to recover damages for injuries sustained as the result of the collision of a truck, in which the plaintiff was riding, with a culvert at the side of a highway.
A general demurrer to the third amended petition was sustained by the Court of Common Pleas, and the plaintiff electing to not plead further, judgment was entered in favor of the defendant.
Upon appeal to the Court of Appeals, that court affirmed the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas.
The cause is in this court following the allowance of a motion to certify the record of the Court of Appeals.
Messrs. Fogle Fogle, for appellant.
Messrs. Strecker Williamson, for appellee.
The single question presented to this court is whether the third amended petition of the plaintiff states a cause of action against the defendant. The essential allegations of the petition are as follows:
"On the thirteenth day of July, 1945, at about 3:00 o'clock in the morning and in the happening of the wrongs and grievances hereinafter complained of, the defendant, Arthur S. Bell, owned a 1935 1 1/2 ton truck, which he had in use, the same being operated on Route 50 Alternate about 1.6 miles west of Newport in Washington county, Ohio, by Richard L. Hill, in whose hands defendant had placed said truck and intrusted its operation.
"At the time and place aforesaid, the plaintiff, Harold J. Cunningham was being transported in said truck without payment therefor as an invitee of the said Richard L. Hill.
"The defendant, Arthur S. Bell, was guilty of negligence in the particulars following:
"The defendant, Arthur S. Bell, unlawfully employed and permitted Richard L. Hill, aged 15 years, to drive said truck, contrary to the provisions of Ohio General Code Section 13002.
"The defendant, Arthur S. Bell, unlawfully employed the said Richard L. Hill, aged 15 years for a period of more than eight hours on Thursday, July 12, 1945, and up to the time of the accident at three o'clock in the morning of Friday, July 13, 1945, and before seven o'clock in the morning and after six o'clock in the evening, contrary to Section 6 of House Bill No. 257.
"The defendant, Arthur S. Bell, overworked his employee, Richard L. Hill, driver of his truck, and caused him to be on the job such long hours that he became exhausted and unable to drive and operate longer said truck.
"The said Richard L. Hill was on the date aforesaid, an incompetent driver of said truck, by reason of his youthful age and inexperience and being overworked and his lack of sound judgment, discretion and skill, and the said Arthur S. Bell knew, or by the exercise of reasonable care should have known, that the said Richard L. Hill, was an incompetent driver of said truck, and, the said Arthur S. Bell then and there negligently, unlawfully, and carelessly intrusted his said truck, known to be dangerous when operated by one unskilled in its use, to said Richard L. Hill, an incompetent driver, as aforesaid.
"The said Richard L. Hill, driver, negligently dozed and fell asleep, and the truck left the highway and collided with a culvert at the side of the road. In the collision and as a further result of the negligence aforesaid of the defendant, Arthur S. Bell and the said Richard L. Hill, driver, the said Harold J. Cunningham, plaintiff, sustained personal injuries of a broken left leg and internal bruises. His right hip was hurt and he was severely shocked.
"All of the foregoing were to the damages of the plaintiff in the amount of five thousand dollars ($5,000)."
The averments of the third amended petition are, in effect, that the plaintiff was being transported in the truck of the defendant without payment therefor, and as an invitee only of the driver of the truck. There is no allegation that the defendant either consented to, or had any knowledge of, such transportation of the plaintiff, or that such transportation was in any wise for the defendant's benefit or advantage, or that either the defendant or the driver of the truck was guilty of any wilful or wanton misconduct.
The question of the liability of the owner of a motor vehicle, for damages resulting from injuries suffered by one riding therein as the guest of the driver of the truck who was the employee of the owner of the vehicle, was before this court in the case of Union Gas Electric Co. v. Crouch, a Minor, 123 Ohio St. 81, 174 N.E. 6, 74 A. L. R., 160. It was there held as stated in the syllabus:
"1. The owner of an automobile being driven by a servant in the business of the owner within the scope of the servant's employment is not liable for damages to a guest of the servant for injuries caused to such guest by the negligence of the servant while riding in the automobile without the knowledge and consent of the owner, it not appearing that such guest is at the time rendering necessary assistance to the servant within the scope of his employment.
"2. Where the owner of an automobile entrusts the same to a servant in the course of the business of the owner, without authority to carry passengers, a guest of the servant riding in the automobile is neither an invitee nor a licensee of the owner, but on the contrary is a trespasser to whom no duty is owing by the owner, except not to wilfully injure him. ( Higbee Co. v. Jackson, 101 Ohio St. 75, 128 N.E. 61, 14 A.L.R., 131, propositions 1 and 2 of the syllabus, overruled.)"
Under the rule thus established, the plaintiff in this action, as to the owner of the truck, was a trespasser for whose injury the owner would be liable only in the event of his wilful or wanton misconduct. There is here no averment of facts constituting wilful or wanton misconduct on the part of either the driver or the owner.
The decision in the Crouch case, supra, would seem to be dispositive of this case. However, the plaintiff contends that the so-called "Guest Statute" has in no wise modified the rule of liability for negligent entrustment of a motor vehicle to an incompetent driver. With that proposition we are in accord.
The basis of the plaintiff's claim is the defendant's negligent entrustment of his truck to an incompetent driver, and that, therefore, the plaintiff's injury resulted from the combined negligence of the owner and driver; the negligence of the owner in entrusting the truck to an incompetent driver and the negligence of the driver in the manner of its operation.
The rule is well settled in this state that the negligent entrustment of an automobile to an incompetent driver may impose upon the owner liability for the driver's negligent operation of such automobile. Elliott v. Harding, 107 Ohio St. 501, 140 N.E. 338, 36 A. L. R., 1128; Wery v. Seff, 136 Ohio St. 307, 25 N.E.2d 692 and Williamson v. Eclipse Motor Lines, Inc., 145 Ohio St. 467, 62 N.E.2d 339, 168 A. L. R., 1356.
However, although under those authorities there may be recovery against the owner of the automobile, based upon his negligence in such improper entrustment, such rule of liability has never been extended to a situation where the person injured was a passenger in the motor vehicle upon the invitation of the driver and was transported by him without payment therefor. Even if we assume the plaintiff was a guest of the defendant, he clearly would be barred from recovery unless the petition contained averments, showing facts on its face revealing the element of wilfulness or wantonness by the defendant and was supported by competent evidence.
The provisions of Section 6308-6, General Code, are applicable not only to the driver but also the owner of a motor vehicle. That section reads as follows:
"The owner, operator or person responsible for the operation of a motor vehicle shall not be liable for loss or damage arising from injuries to or death of a guest while being transported without payment therefor in or upon said motor vehicle, resulting from the operation thereof, unless such injuries or death are caused by the wilful or wanton misconduct of such operator, owner or person responsible for the operation of said motor vehicle." See Vecchio v. Vecchio, 131 Ohio St. 59, 1 N.E.2d 624.
It is clear, therefore, that any claim of the plaintiff that he was a guest of the defendant would defeat his recovery in the absence of averments in the petition showing wilfulness or wantoness. The entrustment of the motor vehicle to such incompetent person did not, in itself, constitute wilful or wanton misconduct. See Wery v. Seff, supra; Universal Concrete Pipe Co. v. Bassett, 130 Ohio St. 567, 200 N.E. 843, 119 A.L.R., 646.
It must be conceded that under the facts of this case the provisions of the "Guest Statute" would prevent a recovery against the driver. It would seem a strange doctrine that would permit a recovery against the owner where as to him the plaintiff held the position of trespasser.
It follows that the judgment of the Court of Appeals, affirming the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas, should be, and hereby is, affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
WEYGANDT, C.J., TURNER, HART, ZIMMERMAN, SOHNGEN and STEWART, JJ., concur.