Opinion
No. 17-70018
08-03-2018
Billy Jack CRUTSINGER, Petitioner–Appellant, v. Lorie DAVIS, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Correctional Institutions Division, Respondent–Appellee.
Lydia M. Brandt, Esq., Brandt Law Firm, P.C., Farmersville, TX, for Petitioner–Appellant. Travis Golden Bragg, Assistant Attorney General, Gwendolyn Suzanne Vindell, Assistant Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Texas, Austin, TX, for Respondent–Appellee.
Lydia M. Brandt, Esq., Brandt Law Firm, P.C., Farmersville, TX, for Petitioner–Appellant.
Travis Golden Bragg, Assistant Attorney General, Gwendolyn Suzanne Vindell, Assistant Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General for the State of Texas, Austin, TX, for Respondent–Appellee.
Before SMITH, OWEN, and GRAVES, Circuit Judges.
Judge Graves concurs in the judgment only.
JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge:Billy Crutsinger is a Texas inmate sentenced to death for capital murder. See Crutsinger v. State , 206 S.W.3d 607, 608–09 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). He requested $500 in funding under 18 U.S.C. § 3599 for a preliminary review of DNA evidence. The district court denied the request, deeming the funds not "reasonably necessary" under the statute. Discerning no abuse of discretion, we affirm.
I.
The district court ably summarized the relevant facts:
Crutsinger’s crime involved the stabbing deaths of 89-year-old Pearl Magourik and her 71-year-old daughter, Patricia Syren, in their Fort Worth home. Both victims suffered multiple stab wounds and had their throats cut. A broken knife was found in the victims’ bathroom, and blood evidence suggested the killer had been injured when it broke. Syren’s Cadillac was taken from the home and later found abandoned at a bar. A DNA analyst testified at trial about biological samples taken from the broken knife, the victims’ clothing, the interior of the abandoned Cadillac, men’s clothing found in a trash dumpster near the abandoned Cadillac, and blood stains throughout the victims’ home and garage. The analyst associated some samples with either Crutsinger or the victims, but she also identified "mixture" samples containing DNA associated with both Crutsinger and one or both victims.
Crutsinger sought and was denied relief on direct appeal and in state and federal habeas corpus proceedings.
See Crutsinger v. Stephens , 576 F. App'x 422, 422 (5th Cir. 2014) (denying request for a certificate of appealability and summarizing earlier proceedings), abrogated by Ayestas v. Davis , ––– U.S. ––––, 138 S.Ct. 1080, 1093–94, 200 L.Ed.2d 376 (2018).
In April 2017, Crutsinger filed a motion for funding under § 3599. Attached was a letter from the district attorney’s office explaining that Crutsinger’s case "may potentially be impacted" by a change in the DNA-mixture interpretation protocol and the FBI’s "recent amendment of its population database." The letter included a lab review identifying two samples affected by the protocol, both found in the dumpster by Crutsinger’s motel: a stain on the pocket of a denim shirt, which initial testing suggested was a mixture of the victims’ DNA, and a stain on the pocket of denim shorts, which testing showed was a mixture of the victims’ and Crutsinger’s DNA.
Crutsinger adds that the state identified a "sample from Syren’s shorts from which Crutsinger could not be excluded," which bore a "deficiency" "related to a random match probability calculation."
The motion also appended a second letter from the district attorney explaining it was unable to obtain a reinterpretation of these DNA-mixture profiles because the medical examiner’s office was no longer proficiency-tested for the relevant protocols. The district attorney’s office clarified that it would "seek[ ] an execution date" for Crutsinger regardless, because "significant DNA evidence not impacted by the changed mixture interpretation protocol [and significant non-DNA evidence] inculpates" him.
In his motion, Crutsinger requested $500 so that "Bode Cellmark, a Lab-Corp Specialty Testing Group ... [can] conduct an initial review and screening of the bench notes/data underlying the State’s ... letter concerning ... the DNA mixture profiles" from the test areas in question, and Crutsinger advised that he might seek additional funding to perform the actual testing. He claimed generally that the "request is reasonably necessary for investigating issues related to [his] guilt, and is relevant to his representation in executive clemency and in potential applications for a writ of habeas corpus"; yet he failed to explain, with even the slightest degree of specificity, how further review and testing of the relevant DNA profiles might improve the prospect of either kind of relief.
The district court denied the motion on the alternative grounds that (1) the DNA review fell outside of the scope of § 3599 and (2) the requested services were not reasonably necessary for Crutsinger’s representation, as he had failed to "identify a viable constitutional claim that the DNA expert would be used to develop" or how it might support that claim. On the latter point, the court noted that "the absence of a DNA expert does not prevent Crutsinger from claiming he is factually innocent[,] [n]or does it prevent him from articulating how his exclusion from a DNA sample could demonstrate his actual innocence." The court was careful to explain that it was "not requiring Crutsinger to show a ‘substantial need’ for the requested DNA services," but Crutsinger had failed to identify a viable claim or even "discuss the evidence that would be subjected to the new protocol." The court thus rejected his "request to fund a fishing expedition." Crutsinger appeals.
II.
"We review the denial of funding for investigative or expert assistance for an abuse of discretion." Section 3599(a) authorizes federal funding for petitioners who face the prospect of death and are "financially unable to obtain adequate representation or investigative, expert, or other reasonably necessary services." To merit funding, expert and investigative services, such as the kind requested here, must be "reasonably necessary for the representation of the [applicant]." § 3599(f).
Wilkins v. Davis , 832 F.3d 547, 551 (5th Cir. 2016) (quoting Brown v. Stephens , 762 F.3d 454, 459 (5th Cir. 2014) ); Ayestas , 138 S.Ct. at 1094 ("[D]istrict courts have broad discretion in assessing requests for funding.").
As noted above, the district court held that Crutsinger’s motion failed to show reasonable necessity because it identified no constitutional claim the additional funding might conceivably support, nor did it explain how the results of review and further DNA testing might advance such a claim.
Because we agree that Crutsinger failed to show the funding was reasonably necessary, we need not address the district court’s alternative holding that the requested review falls outside of the scope of § 3599.
That assessment coheres neatly with the Supreme Court’s most recent pronouncements in Ayestas . The Court explained that "[a] natural consideration informing the exercise of [the district court’s] discretion [under § 3599 ] is the likelihood that the contemplated services will help the applicant win relief" and that "[p]roper application of the ‘reasonably necessary’ standard ... requires courts to consider the potential merit of the claims that the applicant wants to pursue." Ayestas , 138 S.Ct. at 1094. Though the Court was careful to add that "a funding applicant must not be expected to prove that he will be able to win relief," it emphasized that the touchstone of the inquiry is "the likely utility of the services requested" and that " § 3599(f) cannot be read to guarantee that an applicant will have enough money to turn over every stone." Id. (emphasis added). Even the petitioner in Ayestas conceded that "an applicant must ‘articulat[e] specific reasons why the services are warranted’—which includes demonstrating that the underlying claim is at least ‘plausible.’ " Id.
Accord United Statesv.Hamlet , 480 F.2d 556, 557 (5th Cir. 1973) (per curiam) (upholding trial court’s refusal to fund psychiatric services based on the conclusion that "the request for psychiatric services was ... lacking in merit" because there was "no serious possibility that appellant was legally insane at any time pertinent to the crimes committed").
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Crutsinger resists Ayestas on three bases, none persuasive. First, he suggests § 3599(f)"does not require [that he] identify a viable constitutional claim" and that Ayestas is distinguishable because it was "about authorization of auxiliary services in a habeas corpus proceeding in which the habeas petition had already been filed." That distinction is unpersuasive. Ayestas offers general guidance on the meaning of "reasonable necessity," with the touchstone being the "utility" of the service to prospects of eventual relief. That Crutsinger "does not have a pending habeas corpus petition" does not relieve him of the burden to explain how funding might conceivably advance his position. And of course, that burden demands more than a gesture toward the state’s abundance of caution.
Alternatively, Crutsinger claims that, "because the development is forensic," the lawyer "is in no position to posit what constitutional claims, if any, may flow from it." The implied suggestion is that lawyers lack the necessary imagination and forethought to opine plausibly on how the DNA evidence might be relevant to Crutsinger’s case. The district court rightly dismissed that view as facially untrue. Lawyers are well positioned to forecast the potential legal relevance of further review and forensic investigation.
Finally, Crutsinger claims his lawyer must fully "understand the facts of his case—including how subsequent changes in forensic science relevant to his case may impact it—before asking the executive to grant him clemency." But petitioners cannot invoke clemency to end-run Ayestas ’s emphasis on the "utility" of further investigation and expert involvement. See Ayestas , 138 S.Ct. at 1094. Doing so would directly thwart Ayestas ’s admonition against "fishing expedition[s]." See id. (quoting United States v. Alden , 767 F.2d 314, 319 (7th Cir. 1984) ).
Neither in the district court nor in his briefing on appeal does Crutsinger explain how further review and DNA testing could conceivably support claims for relief or a case for clemency. The district court was thus well within its discretion to deny funding.
AFFIRMED.