Summary
In Cross v. Huff, 208 Ga. 392 (67 S.E.2d 124) the Supreme Court said: "A judge imposing a sentence is granted power to suspend or probate the sentence under such rules and regulations as he thinks proper.
Summary of this case from Simmons v. StateOpinion
17596.
SUBMITTED SEPTEMBER 11, 1951.
DECIDED OCTOBER 10, 1951.
Habeas corpus. Before Judge West. Clarke Superior Court. July 6, 1951.
Carlisle Cobb and Rupert A. Brown, for plaintiff.
D. M. Pollock, Solicitor-General, for defendant.
A judge imposing a sentence is granted power to suspend or probate the sentence under such rules and regulations as he thinks proper. The judge has the right and authority to revoke the suspension or probation, after notice and a hearing, when the defendant violates any of the rules and regulations prescribed by the court. Code, §§ 27-2702, 27-2705, as amended by Ga. L. 1950. p. 352. Where no rules or regulations are prescribed in the alleged suspended or probated sentence, and no violation of a prescribed rule or regulation is alleged, the court is without authority to order the defendant incarcerated upon the theory that he has violated the terms and conditions of a probation sentence.
No. 17596. SUBMITTED SEPTEMBER 11, 1951 — DECIDED OCTOBER 10, 1951.
The plaintiff in error (herein called the defendant) filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus against the Sheriff of Clarke County, and in substance alleged: On May 29, 1951, the defendant entered a plea of guilty to an accusation preferred against him in the City Court of Athens, charging him with illegal parking. He was sentenced to pay a fine of $43.50, and to work in the public works camp of the county for the full term of twelve months. The sentence, after imposing said punishment, contained the following provision: "With the privilege to pay said fine and costs and be discharged at any time after entering upon such public works." The fine was paid on the date imposed, and the defendant was released. He was rearrested, and on July 7, the judge of the city court entered an order that he be turned over to the board of commissioners of roads and revenues to serve in the public works camp of the county. The payment of the fine was an entire satisfaction of the sentence, and he is now being illegally held in custody by the sheriff.
Attached to the petition, and made a part thereof, was a copy of the sentence imposed by the Judge of the City Court of Athens. In so far as material here the sentence provided: "Whereupon, it is considered and adjudged by the court that the said Defendant William P. Cross do pay a fine of $43.50, including all costs of this prosecution, and that it is ordered, by the Court, that said defendant . . do work in the Public Works Camp of Clarke County for the full term of twelve months, to be computed from this date; . . . and, in case said defendant fails to pay said fine and costs within three days from this date, it is ordered, by the court, that said defendant be turned over to the Board of Commissioners of Roads and Revenues of this county, who are required to deal with and dispose of said defendant according to this sentence. With the privilege to pay said fine and costs and be discharged at any time after entering upon such Public Works. Upon payment of the fine the 12 months to be served outside said jail and/or camp on probation until further order of this court."
Also attached as a part of the record was a copy of the petition of the Solicitor of the City Court of Athens to revoke the alleged probationary sentence. The judgment of the judge of the city court, which appears in the record, was in part as follows: "After having heard evidence presented to the court from both sides in said case, it is ordered that the said probation sentence be, and the same is hereby revoked, and that the defendant be disposed of and dealt with in accordance with the terms of same."
On the hearing before the judge of the superior court, the sheriff testified that he is sheriff of the county, and that he holds the defendant in his custody by virtue of an order or judgment from the City Court of Athens, revoking a probation sentence. He identified the order (partially quoted above) and testified that: The defendant was arrested on July 6, and hearing was had in the city court on July 7. Three or four witnesses were present, and the sentence was revoked after a hearing by the court.
The judge of the city court testified: "Had the hearing on the 7th and I revoked the sentence, after defendant had been duly notified, to show cause why the sentence should not be revoked. As to introduction of evidence I recall the names of three witnesses, L. C. Borders, a 14-year-old boy named Geechie Martin, and officer McCurley, city policeman. The sentence was dated May 29th, 1951. I remember making this note at the time of the plea, in case No. 11179, Wm. P. Cross, White, 26, Winterville, Ga., Illegal parking, $43.50 fine and twelve months' probation. When I pronounced sentence, I remember fining him the costs which Mr. Crawford, the clerk, had tabulated $43.50, and twelve months' probation, and saying to the defendant at the time he was being dealt with lightly because of the lack of evidence. I recall stating to him in open court that he was serving twelve months on probation. As to statements by the petitioner that he knew he was serving on probation, I recall last Saturday that Mr. Cross more than once — these hearings being very informal and purposely so — more than once he stated that he wouldn't have done such and such or been a party to such and such, because he knew he had this probation sentence hanging over him and he had to be careful, or words to that effect. He never said anything in my presence to indicate any misunderstanding of the sentence. Yes, the fine had been paid before the hearing for revocation, the same having been paid on May 30th, 1951."
No other evidence was introduced, and at the conclusion of the hearing the judge of the superior court passed an order remanding the defendant to the custody of the sheriff. The exception is to that judgment.
Counsel for the defendant insist that the original sentence imposed by the judge of the city court was not a "probation sentence"; that the defendant was sentenced to pay a fine of $43.50 and "work in the Public Works Camp of Clarke County for the full term of Twelve months . . with the privilege to pay said fine and costs and be discharged at any time after entering upon said Public Works."
Counsel for the State insist that "the last clear pronouncement of the court in the sentence in this case is `upon payment of the fine the 12 months to be served outside said jail and/or camp, on probation until further order of the court'" (compare Carter v. Johnson, 168 Ga. 688, 689, 148 S.E. 590); and that the word "discharged" as used in the sentence merely allowed the defendant to serve his sentence outside of the public works camp.
From the language of the sentence imposed by the judge of the city court, the meaning and intent of the court is not altogether clear. The first part of the sentence is certain and positive. The defendant was required to pay a fine and to work twelve months in the public works camp. The meaning is not clear as to the proviso, "with the privilege to pay said fine and costs and be discharged at any time after entering upon said Public Works."
The judge of the superior court construed the word "discharged" to mean "released from confinement." Webster's New International Dictionary (2d ed.), p. 742. This is one of the definitions given by that dictionary. The word "discharge," however, has many meanings, some of which are: to absolve; to free from that which oppresses, as an obligation; to acquit; clear; exempt; dismiss legally; annul. Black's Law Dictionary (3rd ed.), p. 584, defines "discharge" as "to release, liberate, annul, unburden, disencumber." If the word "discharge" as used in the sentence should be given the meaning to annul, unburden, disencumber, acquit, or to free the defendant "from that which oppresses as an obligation," the sentence would be terminated upon the payment of the fine.
There does not appear to be any "last clear pronouncement" by the judge of the city court in the proviso that "upon payment of the fine the 12 months to be served outside said jail and/or camp on probation until further order of this court."
The rule has been laid down by this court that sentences for criminal offenses "should be certain, definite, and free from ambiguity; and where the contrary is the case, the benefit of the doubt should be given to the accused." Dixon v. Baughn, 149 Ga. 86, 87 ( 99 S.E. 34); Cooley v. Dixon, 149 Ga. 506 ( 101 S.E. 181); 24 C. J. S. 101, § 1581.
Service of a sentence on probation is conferred as a privilege (15 Am. Jur. 149, § 498); and can not be demanded as a matter of right. This does not mean, however, that a defendant's liberty is something that can be the subject matter of whim or fancy of the trial judge. Our law provides that, in cases where it appears to the satisfaction of the court that the circumstances of the case and the public good do not demand the defendant's incarceration, the court may mold its sentence to allow the defendant to serve the sentence outside the confines of the place of detention "under the supervision of the court, and in such manner and on such conditions" as the court may see fit, which shall be made a part of the record. Code § 27-2702, as amended by Ga. L. 1950, p. 353, sec. 2.
Statutes providing for the suspension of a sentence or the probation of a defendant must be strictly followed. 15 Am. Jur. 148, § 498. As to whether or not the sentence in the present case was one of probation under supervision and upon specified conditions, must be determined from the language of the sentence. The manner of the probation of the defendant is not provided; conditions upon which the defendant might remain at liberty are not set forth; the defendant is not instructed to refrain from the doing of any act. The citation of the solicitor of the city court recites only that "the said defendant violated the terms of said probation sentence by then and there failing to comply with same." How, when, where, or in what manner it is claimed that the defendant could have failed to comply with non-existing conditions does not appear from the record in this case. Had the alleged probation sentence contained even the admonition to "go and sin no more," (John 8:11), the sentence might be subject to construction. But courts can not construe that which does not exist. The release of a defendant unconditionally is not, and can not be, a probation sentence under the provisions of our law.
Former Chief Justice Russell, in speaking for this court in Williams v. State, 162 Ga. 327, 328 (3) ( 133 S.E. 843), laid down the rule that a "parole can not lawfully be revoked as a mere matter of caprice. In such hearing the judge is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses, but he is not permitted to withdraw a parole unless there be sufficient evidence to authorize a finding that one or more of the conditions upon which the parole was granted have been violated. Consequently, where in a hearing such as above referred to no evidence is produced before the court from which it can be determined whether the criminal act charged against the probationer as in violation of his parole was committed prior to the imposition of the sentence or subsequent thereto, a finding revoking the parole would be contrary to law and would not be authorized."
In the present case, the defendant did not violate the conditions of his probation, since no conditions were imposed. While there is no evidence in the record of any act of the defendant since the imposition of his original sentence, no amount of evidence would dispense with the duty of the judge to prescribe the terms and conditions of the probation in the manner required by law.
In Lester v. Foster, 207 Ga. 596, 598, 599 ( 63 S.E.2d 402), it was held: "To deprive a defendant of his liberty upon the theory that he has violated any of the rules and regulations prescribed in the sentence without giving him a notice and opportunity to be heard upon the question of whether or not he has violated such rules and regulations, would be to violate one of the fundamentals of our system of jurisprudence that a person shall not be deprived of his liberty without due process of law, which includes notice and an opportunity to be heard." Likewise to deprive a defendant of his liberty upon the theory that he has violated rules and regulations prescribed in his sentence, when no rules, regulations, conditions, limitations, or restrictions were imposed by such sentence would deprive the defendant of "due process of law." The defendant was not put upon notice of what was expected or demanded of him, and the judge only has authority to revoke the suspension or probation when the defendant has violated any of the rules and regulations prescribed by the court. Code, §§ 27-2702, 27-2705, as amended by Ga. L. 1950, p. 352.
The defendant should have been discharged upon payment of the fine, and the judge erred in remanding him to the custody of the sheriff.
Judgment reversed. All the Justices concur.