Opinion
December 6, 1993
Appeal from the Supreme Court, Westchester County (Gurahian, J.).
Ordered that the amended interlocutory judgment is affirmed, with costs.
The plaintiffs commenced an action to recover damages for personal injuries sustained by the plaintiff Pamela D. Crawford when she swerved her vehicle in order to avoid a collision with the car of the defendant Dimitrios Koloniaris, which was stopped in the right lane of the northbound Palisades Parkway. Koloniaris, who had been speeding, had been signalled to pull his car over to the side of the roadway by the defendant Pierce V. Gallagher, a New York State Police Trooper. After a trial on the issue of liability only, the jury found in favor of the plaintiffs and against Koloniaris. Gallagher was found not to be negligent.
During the trial, the plaintiffs attempted to introduce expert testimony with regard to a standard New York State Police procedure for stopping and pulling over vehicles on highways, in an effort to show that Gallagher was negligent in pulling over the Koloniaris vehicle after he observed Koloniaris driving in excess of the posted speed limit. However, the trial court restricted the expert testimony, finding that the plaintiffs had failed to lay a proper foundation for it and that the propriety of the manner in which Gallagher directed Koloniaris to pull over his vehicle was within the province of the jury to decide.
The determination of a witness's qualification to testify as an expert in a specific field rests in the broad discretion of the trial court, and such a determination will not lightly be disturbed (see, Werner v Sun Oil Co., 65 N.Y.2d 839; Meiselman v Crown Hgts. Hosp., 285 N.Y. 389). The trial court may also determine when jurors are able to draw conclusions from the evidence and when they would be benefited by the specialized knowledge of an expert witness (see, People v Cronin, 60 N.Y.2d 430).
We discern no error in the trial court's restriction on the expert's testimony in this case. The expert was qualified as an accident reconstruction analyst who formerly had been a local county police officer. There was no foundation laid for testimony regarding any standard procedures of the State Police, nor was it established that the witness was an expert in police procedures for pulling speeding motorists off roadways. The reliance of the plaintiffs upon Selkowitz v County of Nassau ( 45 N.Y.2d 97) and Anderson v Muniz ( 125 A.D.2d 281) is misplaced. In both of those cases, a proper foundation had been laid for the expert's testimony, and in Selkowitz v County of Nassau (supra), the Court specifically found that the testimony of an experienced professional was helpful to the jury. In the present case, the trial court properly permitted the expert to testify as to those matters dealing with the actual occurrence of the accident, since he had been qualified to testify as to those matters (see, Matott v Ward, 48 N.Y.2d 455). However, the trial court was correct in excluding that testimony which was unrelated to the expert's knowledge of accident reconstruction, particularly since the court found that it was within the ability and experience of the jury to determine whether Gallagher's actions constituted negligence (see, People v Cronin, 60 N.Y.2d 430, supra; Paciocco v Montgomery Ward, 163 A.D.2d 655).
We further find unpersuasive the plaintiffs' contention that the court erred in granting Gallagher's motion to amend his answer after they had rested their case. It is well settled that, in the absence of prejudice or surprise, leave to amend pleadings shall be freely given (see, CPLR 3025 [b]; Fahey v County of Ontario, 44 N.Y.2d 934). No such prejudice existed here (see, Wyso v City of New York, 91 A.D.2d 661), inasmuch as Gallagher merely sought to add a denial which had inadvertently been omitted from his answer, and the plaintiffs had not relied upon that omission in presenting their case.
Finally, there is no merit to the contention of the plaintiffs that the trial court's charge constituted reversible error (see generally, Cea v Freed, 178 A.D.2d 397; Sewar v Gagliardi Bros. Serv., 69 A.D.2d 281, affd 51 N.Y.2d 752). Mangano, P.J., Sullivan, O'Brien and Ritter, JJ., concur.