Opinion
CIVIL NO. 1:16-cv-421-HSO-JCG
01-24-2017
HENRY LEE CRAIG, #76582 PLAINTIFF v. KATHY KING JACKSON, ET AL. DEFENDANTS
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER DISMISSING PLAINTIFF'S COMPLAINT
This matter is before the Court, sua sponte, for consideration of dismissal. Plaintiff Henry Lee Craig, an inmate of the Mississippi Department of Corrections, brings this pro se Complaint seeking injunctive relief. Craig is proceeding in forma pauperis. See Order [10]. The named Defendants are: Kathy King Jackson, Circuit Court Judge for Jackson County, Mississippi; Anthony Lawrence, III, District Attorney for Jackson County; Calvin Taylor, Attorney-at-law; and thirteen jurors from Craig's criminal trial. The Court, having liberally construed the pleadings in consideration with the applicable law, finds that this case should be dismissed.
I. BACKGROUND
In 2011, Craig was convicted of murder in the Jackson County Circuit Court and sentenced to life imprisonment. Craig v. State, 110 So. 3d 807, 808 (Miss. Ct. App. 2012). Judge King presided over Craig's trial and District Attorney Lawrence prosecuted the case against Craig. See Clerk's Docket at 1, Craig v. State, No. 2011-KA-01283 (Miss. Ct. App. 2012). Attorney Taylor served as Craig's defense counsel. Compl. [1] at 17 (CM/ECF pagination). Craig claims Defendants violated his constitutional and civil rights. Specifically, Craig claims Taylor's selection of jurors and the entire jury selection process was unconstitutional. Id. at 17-19 (CM/ECF pagination). Craig further alleges that Defendants also conspired to aid and abet "the crime of intimidation by concealing it." Id. at 19 (CM/ECF pagination).
In addition to this case, Craig has filed eight other complaints in this Court against various individuals involved in his criminal case, from witnesses and law enforcement officers to attorneys and judges. See Craig v. Ishee, cause no. 3:16-cv-804 (S.D. Miss. 2016); Craig v. Gore, cause no. 3:16-cv-805 (S.D. Miss. 2017); Craig v. Holmes, cause no. 3:16-cv-806 (S.D. Miss. 2017); Craig v. Fountain, cause no. 1:16-cv-372 (S.D. Miss. 2017); Craig v. Lorraine, cause no. 1:16-cv-373 (S.D. Miss. 2017); Craig v. Lawrence, cause no. 1:16-cv-375 (S.D. Miss. 2017); Craig v. Taylor, cause no. 1:16-cv-377 (S.D. Miss. 2017); and Craig v. Taylor, cause no. 1:16-cv-407 (S.D. Miss. filed Nov. 14, 2016).
Craig brings this Complaint on forms available for prisoners suing under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and also states that he is filing his claims under § 1981 and § 1986. Id. at 17 (CM/ECF pagination). Craig seeks "injunctive relief, defamation relief, affirmative relief, compensatory relief, punitive relief," attorney's fees, and "whatever the Court[ ]deems necessary." Id.
II. DISCUSSION
The Prison Litigation Reform Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) (as amended), applies to prisoner proceedings in forma pauperis, and provides that "the court shall dismiss the case at any time if the court determines that . . . (B) the action or appeal -- (i) is frivolous or malicious; (ii) fails to state a claim on which relief may be granted; or (iii) seeks monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from such relief." Since Craig is proceeding in forma pauperis, his Complaint is subject to the case screening procedures set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). Having completed that screening, it is apparent that Craig's claims are barred by absolute immunity, by the applicable statute of limitations, and by Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994). A. Defendants Jackson and Lawrence are entitled to absolute immunity.
Judge Jackson, as Circuit Court Judge for Jackson County, enjoys absolute immunity from suit when performing acts within her judicial capacity. See Boyd v. Biggers, 31 F.3d 279, 284 (5th Cir. 1994). Claims of bad faith, malice, and corruption do not overcome absolute judicial immunity. See Mireles v. Waco, 502 U.S. 9, 11 (1991)(citations omitted). Nor will a judge be deprived of immunity because the action she took was in error or in excess of her authority. See Stump v. Sparkman, 435 U.S. 349, 356 (1978).
Judicial immunity can be overcome only by showing that the actions complained of were non-judicial in nature, or by showing that the actions were taken in the "clear absence of all jurisdiction." Stump, 435 U.S. at 356-57. In determining whether a judge acted within the scope of her judicial capacity, the court considers four factors: "(1) whether the precise act complained of is a normal judicial function; (2) whether the acts occurred in the courtroom or appropriate adjunct spaces such as the judge's chambers; (3) whether the controversy centered around a case pending before the court; and (4) whether the acts arose directly out of a visit to the judge in his official capacity." Ballard v. Wall, 413 F.3d 510, 515 (5th Cir. 2005) (citing Malina v. Gonzales, 994 F.2d 1121, 1124 (5th Cir. 1993)).
Applying the four Ballard factors to Craig's allegations, it is clear that the actions of Judge Jackson were "judicial in nature." Id. at 517. Likewise, there are no claims that Judge Jackson lacked jurisdiction to preside over criminal proceedings in the Circuit Court for Jackson County. See Miss. Code Ann. § 9-7-81 (circuit court has original jurisdiction over state felony prosecutions). Therefore, Judge Jackson is entitled to absolute immunity from the claims asserted in this case.
Likewise, criminal prosecutors "enjoy absolute immunity from claims for damages asserted under § 1983 for actions taken in the presentation of the state's case." Boyd, 31 F.3d at 285. This immunity extends to "all actions which occur in the course of the prosecutor's role as an advocate for the State." Cousin v. Small, 325 F.3d 627, 632 (5th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks and punctuation omitted). "This broad immunity applies even if the prosecutor is accused of knowingly using perjured testimony." Boyd, 31 F.3d at 285. The alleged actions taken by Lawrence as an advocate for the State of Mississippi in Craig's criminal case were "intimately associated with the judicial phase of the criminal process," and therefore Defendant Lawrence is also entitled to absolute immunity from the claims asserted in this case. See Lampton v. Diaz, 639 F.3d 223, 226 (5th Cir. 2011). B. Plaintiff's claims against all Defendants are barred by the statute of limitations.
"A district court 'may raise the defense of limitations sua sponte . . . [and] [d]ismissal is appropriate if it is clear from the face of the complaint that the claims asserted are barred by the applicable statute of limitations.'" Stanley v. Foster, 464 F.3d 565, 568 (5th Cir. 2006) (quoting Harris v. Hegmann, 198 F.3d 153, 156 (5th Cir. 1999)). Since there is no federal statute of limitations for civil rights actions brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a federal court must borrow the forum state's general personal injury limitations period. See Owens v. Okure, 488 U.S. 235, 240 (1989); see also Mitchell v. Crescent River Port Pilots Ass'n, 265 F. App'x 363, 367, 367 n.3 (5th Cir. 2008) (citations omitted) (holding state's personal injury limitation period applies to claims under § 1981 and § 1983, but noting that § 1986 specifically includes a one-year statute of limitations). The applicable Mississippi statute of limitations period is three years. See James v. Sadler, 909 F.2d 834, 836 (5th Cir. 1990) (holding Mississippi's three-year general personal injury limitations period applicable to § 1983 cases); see also Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-49 (1972), as amended.
The Court recognizes that certain claims brought under the civil rights statutes, namely those made possible by a post-1990 Congressional enactment, are subject to the federal four year catch-all statute of limitations set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1658. Jones v. R. R. Donnelley & Sons, Co., 541 U.S. 369, 382 (2004). The Court finds that none of Craig's purported claims fall within the ambit of § 1658.
While Mississippi law governs the applicable limitations period, "the accrual date of a § 1983 cause of action is a question of federal law that is not resolved by reference to state law." Wallace v. Kato, 549 U.S. 384, 388 (2007). As such, an action accrues when a plaintiff has "a complete and present cause of action." Id. As noted by the Fifth Circuit:
Under federal law, the [limitations] period begins to run the moment the plaintiff becomes aware that he has suffered an injury or has sufficient information to know that he has been injured. A plaintiff's awareness encompasses two elements: (1)
the existence of the injury; and (2) causation, that is, the connection between the injury and the defendant's actions. A plaintiff need not know that she has a legal cause of action; she need know only the facts that would ultimately support a claim. Actual knowledge is not required if the circumstances would lead a reasonable person to investigate further.Piotrowski v. City of Houston, 237 F.3d 567, 576 (5th Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); see also Walker v. Epps, 550 F.3d 407, 414 (5th Cir. 2008) (citing Piotrowski, 237 F.3d at 576).
Craig filed this lawsuit in November 2016. His claims are premised on the asserted inadequacies of his criminal conviction, including Defendants' alleged conspiracy to conceal evidence of a crime of intimidation. Craig specifically maintains that Defendants' purported conduct causing his injury occurred on May 11, 2011. Compl. [1] at 17 (CM/ECF pagination). It is clear that as of May 11, 2011, the date of Craig's conviction, he was aware of his injury and the connection between the injury and all of the Defendants' purported conduct. See Piotrowski, 237 F.3d at 576. Therefore, the limitations period expired on May 11, 2014. Craig's claims against all Defendants accrued more than three years prior to Craig filing the present action in November 2016, and are therefore time-barred. C. Heck v . Humphrey also supports dismissal of the Complaint as against all Defendants.
Craig's claims regarding the validity of his criminal conviction are also subject to dismissal under Heck v. Humphrey. 512 U.S. 477 (1994). Under Heck, where a claim for damages would "necessarily imply" the invalidity of a conviction, such a claim is not cognizable unless and until the plaintiff obtains a favorable resolution of a challenge to his conviction. Id. at 487.
If the Court were to find in Craig's favor and determine that his criminal conviction is unconstitutional, it would necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction and current term of imprisonment. Craig fails to demonstrate that his criminal conviction has been invalidated by any of the means set forth in Heck. Therefore, Craig's claims that necessarily imply the invalidity of his imprisonment are barred. Id.; see also Amaker v. Weiner, 179 F.3d 48, 51 (2d Cir. 1999) (holding Heck also applies to claims under § 1981 and § 1986). D. Plaintiff's Habeas Corpus claims will be dismissed without prejudice.
Craig is currently litigating a habeas corpus petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in this Court. See Craig v. MDOC, cause no. 1:16-cv-371-LG-FKB (S.D. Miss. filed Oct. 17, 2016). --------
To the extent Craig now seeks injunctive relief invalidating his conviction and releasing him from incarceration, he must pursue such relief through a petition for writ of habeas corpus. Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475, 500 (1973). As footnoted above, Craig is currently litigating a habeas corpus case in this Court. Any habeas claims Craig may be asserting in this civil action will be dismissed without prejudice to Craig's pursuit of these claims in his pending habeas corpus case.
III. CONCLUSION
The Court has considered the pleadings and applicable law. For the reasons stated, this civil action will be dismissed as frivolous and as seeking monetary relief against defendants who are immune from such relief. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B); Bates v. Price, 368 F. App'x 594, 595 (5th Cir. 2010) (finding prisoner case barred by statute of limitations and dismissed as frivolous counts as a "strike" under § 1915(g)); see also Hamilton v. Lyons, 74 F.3d 99, 103 (5th Cir. 1996) (finding Heck-barred claims are legally frivolous); Boyd, 31 F.3d at 285 (affirming frivolous dismissal of § 1983 claim based on absolute immunity).
IT IS, THEREFORE, ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that this civil action is DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE as frivolous and as seeking monetary relief against defendants who are immune from such relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i), (iii).
IT IS, FURTHER, ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that any habeas corpus claims asserted in this civil action are DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE to Plaintiff's pursuit of these claims in his pending habeas corpus case, Craig v. MDOC, no. 1:16-cv-371-LG-FKB (S.D. Miss. filed Oct. 17, 2016).
IT IS, FURTHER, ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that this dismissal will count as a "strike" in accordance with the Prison Litigation Reform Act. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).
SO ORDERED AND ADJUDGED, this the 24th day of January, 2017.
/s/_________
HALIL SULEYMAN OZERDEN
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE