Summary
reversing summary judgment where store's door threshold "was rocking up and down as people walked across it"
Summary of this case from Davis v. Variety Stores, Inc.Opinion
No. 13–60454.
2014-06-10
Jackie COX; Ricky Lee Cox, Plaintiffs–Appellants v. WAL–MART STORES EAST, L.P., Defendant–Appellee.
Brian Ashley Clark, William Roberts Wilson, III, Esq., Roberts Wilson, P.A., Walter Stephens Cox, Oxford, MS, for Plaintiffs–Appellants. Thomas M. Louis, Wells, Marble & Hurst, P.L.L.C., Ridgeland, MS, Leo Joseph Carmody, Jr., Wells, Marble & Hurst, P.L.L.C., Oxford, MS, for Defendant–Appellee.
Brian Ashley Clark, William Roberts Wilson, III, Esq., Roberts Wilson, P.A., Walter Stephens Cox, Oxford, MS, for Plaintiffs–Appellants. Thomas M. Louis, Wells, Marble & Hurst, P.L.L.C., Ridgeland, MS, Leo Joseph Carmody, Jr., Wells, Marble & Hurst, P.L.L.C., Oxford, MS, for Defendant–Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi.
Before BENAVIDES, CLEMENT, and GRAVES, Circuit Judges.
JAMES E. GRAVES, JR., Circuit Judge:
This appeal concerns the grant of summary judgment to Wal–Mart, the defendant in a premises liability case. We reverse and remand to the district court for further proceedings.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
Plaintiffs Jackie and Ricky Cox went to the Wal–Mart in Fulton, Mississippi on April 24, 2011. As Mrs. Cox entered through an automatic sliding door, she fell and sustained injuries. Cox's trip and fall was witnessed by Everitt Gunner, who was sitting on a bench located ten to twelve feet from the door when Cox entered the store. Gunner testified that for about an hour before Cox's fall, he had observed the door threshold “rocking” or rising up three-eighths to one-half inch whenever customers or carts crossed the threshold. He testified that this occurred because the plate was not secured tightly to the ground, as if there were screws loose. Gunner testified that he was looking at Cox when she entered, and that she stepped on one side of the metal plate, causing the other side to rise up and catch her other shoe, causing the fall. Gunner's testimony was countered by Cindy Bailey, an assistant manager at the store, who disputed that the threshold moved or rocked.
Jackie and Ricky Cox filed a complaint in Mississippi state court in December 2011. Mrs. Cox alleged personal injury claims, while Mr. Cox brought a claim for loss of consortium. In April 2012, Wal–Mart removed the case to federal court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Wal–Mart then moved for summary judgment. The district court determined that the defect in the threshold which caused Cox to fall and be injured was not unreasonably dangerous as a matter of law, and granted summary judgment to Wal–Mart. Plaintiffs now appeal.
II. Discussion
The question before us is whether the district court erred when it granted summary judgment to Wal–Mart, based on its conclusion that the defect in the door threshold was not unreasonably dangerous as a matter of law. We review a grant of summary judgment de novo. Wood v. RIH Acquisitions MS II, LLC, 556 F.3d 274, 275 (5th Cir.2009). Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id.; Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). We must view the evidence and draw reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Maddox v. Townsend & Sons, Inc., 639 F.3d 214, 216 (5th Cir.2011). Mississippi substantive law applies in this diversity case. See Wood, 556 F.3d at 275.
“Premises liability analysis under Mississippi law requires three determinations: (1) legal status of the injured person, (2) relevant duty of care, and (3) defendant's compliance with that duty.” Wood, 556 F.3d at 275 (citing Massey v. Tingle, 867 So.2d 235, 239 (Miss.2004)). The parties agree that Cox's legal status at the time of the fall was that of a business invitee. “While a premises owner is not an insurer of the safety of invitees, the premises owner does have a duty of reasonable care, to maintain its premises in a reasonably safe condition.” Pigg v. Express Hotel Partners, LLC, 991 So.2d 1197, 1199 (Miss.2008); see Wood, 556 F.3d at 275. A landowner's duty to invitees includes a “duty to keep its premises in a reasonably safe condition,” and a duty to “warn of any dangerous conditions not readily apparent which the owner knew, or should have known, in the exercise of reasonable care and the duty to conduct reasonable inspections to discover dangerous conditions existing on the premises.” Pigg, 991 So.2d at 1199–1200 (quoting Gaines v. K–Mart Corp., 860 So.2d 1214, 1216 (Miss.2003)). The breach of either duty supports a claim of negligence. Id. at 1200; Mayfield v. The Hairbender, 903 So.2d 733, 738 (Miss.2005).
For purposes of the summary judgment motion, the district court implicitly accepted Gunner's testimony that the door threshold was defective and was rocking up and down as people walked across it. However, the court determined that the defect in the threshold was not an unreasonably dangerous condition as a matter of law. The district court relied on language included in Tate v. S. Jitney Jungle Co., which noted that a door threshold is among those “dangers which are usual and which customers normally expect to encounter on the business premises, such as thresholds, curbs and steps.” Tate v. S. Jitney Jungle Co., 650 So.2d 1347, 1351 (Miss.1995). “The category of usual and normally expected dangers was apparently created in Tate, as no prior reference to that concept in the state's jurisprudence has been discovered.” Wood, 556 F.3d at 276. The Mississippi Supreme Court has not applied any kind of categorical exclusion for “dangers which are usual” in cases subsequent to Tate, although there is federal case law adopting it. See id. at 276–79 & n. 4–5 (describing Tate and its history and discussing federal cases applying Tate ). The district court's analysis, and many of Wal–Mart's appellate arguments, are premised on the existence of a categorical exclusion for “usual” or “expected” dangers that cannot be unreasonably dangerous as a matter of law.
Setting aside significant questions regarding whether this categorical exclusion is the law in Mississippi, see Wood, 556 F.3d at 276 (“Having discussed Tate, we are nonetheless uncertain about the present role in state law of this principle that usual and normally expected hazards are not unreasonably dangerous.”); Woten v. Am. Nat'l Ins. Co., 424 Fed.Appx. 368, 370 (5th Cir.2011) (describing the confusion in the case law), we conclude that the district court's analysis improperly extends a categorical exclusion to defective conditions. Even if the Tate court intended to create or recognize a categorical exclusion for door thresholds, there is no justification in the Mississippi case law for expanding any category of “usual dangers” to include defects. Instead, the most recent Mississippi cases weigh against any such categorical exclusion applying to defects in regularly occurring dangers. In one recent case involving “broken, unlevel pavement” that “probably jutted up two inches over the bottom step”—certainly a regularly occurring danger that would presumably fall within the Tate categorical exclusion, if the Mississippi courts recognized one—the Mississippi Supreme Court denied judgment as a matter of law. See Mayfield, 903 So.2d at 734, 739. Likewise, in Pigg, the Mississippi Supreme Court found that there was a fact issue regarding whether a hotel “knew or should have known” of a loose mirror, “and whether it was negligent in inspecting its premises,” and that “a jury must be allowed to decide whether Holiday Inn breached its duty to keep the premises reasonably safe and whether its inspections of its rooms was reasonable.” Pigg, 991 So.2d at 1200. Even in a case involving a regularly occurring danger, the Mississippi Court of Appeals stressed the “unbroken, unlittered, dry and otherwise unobstructed” condition of a curb in holding that summary judgment for the defendant was appropriate. Thompson v. Chick–Fil–A, 923 So.2d 1049, 1052–53 (Miss.Ct.App.2006).
The cases discussed in Tate itself likewise weigh against expanding any Tate categorical exclusion to defects. Those cases involved permanent, known hazards, not unexpected defects. For example, in McGovern, one of the cases cited by Tate, the Mississippi Supreme Court affirmed a directed verdict in favor of a store owner after the customer tripped on the store's raised threshold. The court found that having a raised threshold was not an unreasonably dangerous condition. McGovern v. Scarborough, 566 So.2d 1225, 1228 (Miss.1990). However, the McGovern court stressed that there was nothing unusual about the threshold, and that “it is impossible to envision this doorway as creating a danger of some kind, in some way different from thousands of like doorways.” Id. In Kroger, another case relied on by Tate, a store customer who tripped and fell over a six-inch curb could not recover because she “encountered a condition, which was permanent, in place, known, and obvious—a factual setting bearing no resemblance to cases in which we have found a jury question to exist.” Kroger, Inc. v. Ware, 512 So.2d 1281, 1282 (Miss.1987).
Somewhat ironically, given the parties' focus on the categorical exclusion referenced in Tate, this case is more akin to the factual situation in Tate itself, which involved a sharp edge beneath a deli counter which caused injury to the plaintiff. The Mississippi Supreme Court held that Tate could not be resolved as a matter of law, because there was “a claimed physical defect on the defendant's premises ... which may be found to be unusual and unreasonably dangerous, notwithstanding the fact that it might have been observable.” Tate, 650 So.2d at 1351. The claimed physical defect, the court said, “does not appear to be a condition that one would normally encounter.” Id. Thus, Tate itself supports the proposition that a defect that a customer would not normally expect to encounter falls outside the range of any categorical exclusions created by that case.
We conclude that the district court erred in extending Mississippi's so-called “categorical exemption” to defective thresholds. However, that is not the end of the inquiry; we must still determine whether the defective condition could be found unreasonably dangerous as a matter of law. See Pigg, 991 So.2d at 1199–1200 (noting that landowners have a duty of care to maintain their premises in a “reasonably safe condition”). In Parker v. Wal–Mart Stores, Inc., a panel of this court examined Mississippi case law and determined that “normally encountered dangers such as curbs, sidewalks, and steps are not hazardous conditions. These normally occurring dangers often contain cracks and changes in elevation; they do not become hazardous conditions simply because they contain minor imperfections or defects.” 261 Fed.Appx. 724, 726–27 (5th Cir.2008). It then held that “[a]lthough the curb contained a small crack, this alone is insufficient to transform it into an unreasonably dangerous condition.” Id. The instant case does not involve a known, permanent, or visible condition, but an alleged defect that caused the threshold to unexpectedly move up and down. Although the defect alleged in Cox's complaint is a minor defect, the hidden and surprising nature of the defect could remove it from the “normally encountered dangers” patrons expect to encounter when crossing a threshold. Id.; see also Tate, 650 So.2d at 1351. We must accept Cox's allegation that the threshold was broken and suddenly rose up one-half inch when Cox stepped on it. The fact that the alleged defective condition changed suddenly and without warning-unlike cracked or uneven concrete, or visible changes in texture and elevation-is sufficient for a reasonable jury to conclude that it creates an unreasonable or unusually dangerous condition.
See also First National Bank of Vicksburg v. Cutrer, 214 So.2d 465, 466 (Miss.1968) (cracks on the edge of concrete riser not unreasonably dangerous condition); City of Biloxi v. Schambach, 247 Miss. 644, 157 So.2d 386, 392 (1963) (sidewalk defect insufficient to impose liability); City of Greenville v. Laury, 172 Miss. 118, 159 So. 121, 122 (1935) (reasonable jury could not have found that a crevice in the sidewalk made the street unsafe for use); Bond v. City of Long Beach, 908 So.2d 879, 882 (Miss.Ct.App.2005) (one inch elevation of the sidewalk did not create dangerous condition which the city should have anticipated).
Further, the plaintiffs point to evidence in the record indicating that Wal–Mart may not inspect the doors to ensure they are functioning correctly and that despite an internal policy calling for daily inspections, the assistant manager of the store had no knowledge of that policy. While these facts are not, standing alone, sufficient to impute liability to Wal–Mart, they do bear on whether Wal–Mart maintained its premises in a reasonably safe condition, and whether Wal–Mart should have known and warned of any defect. See Pigg, 991 So.2d at 1200. Under Mississippi law, these questions are for the jury. Id.
The district court's dismissal of Ricky's Cox's claim was entirely premised on the dismissal of Jackie Cox's personal injury claims. E.g., J & J Timber Co. v. Broome, 932 So.2d 1, 6 (Miss.2006) (explaining that “Mississippi law dictates that if the underlying personal injury claim is disposed of, the loss of consortium claim cannot be maintained on its own”). Thus, we also reverse the dismissal of Ricky Cox's loss of consortium claim.
III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the grant of summary judgment to Wal–Mart and the dismissal of both plaintiffs' claims, and remand this case for further proceedings.