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finding no malicious intent where plaintiff suffered minor injuries including a cut on his elbow and bruising on his shoulder and neck following an extraction
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No. 2: 09-cv-0824 JAM CKD P
08-14-2012
MICHAEL M. COTTRELL, Plaintiff, v. M. WRIGHT, et al., Defendants.
ORDER, FINDINGS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Plaintiff is a state prisoner proceeding pro se with a civil rights action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. This action is proceeding on plaintiff's complaint filed in March 2009 which specifically claims that defendants M. Wright, R. Haynes and D. Sisson used excessive force against plaintiff in violation of the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution during the course of a cell extraction occurring on September 17, 2008. Presently pending before the court are defendants' motion for summary judgment (see Dkt. No. 51.), plaintiff's motion to compel (see Dkt. No. 59.) and plaintiff's motion to stay the motion for summary judgment. (See Dkt. No. 60.) For the followings reasons, plaintiff's motion to compel and motion to stay the motion for summary judgment will be denied and it is recommended that defendants' motion for summary judgment be granted.
I. MOTION TO COMPEL & MOTION TO STAY MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
A discovery and scheduling order was set in this case in February 2011 after defendants filed their answer. The parties were given until June 10, 2011 to conduct discovery and to file any necessary motions to compel by that date. All pretrial motions (except motions to compel discovery which were due by June 10, 2011) were due by September 2, 2011. (See Dkt. No. 35.)
On June 2, 2011, plaintiff filed a "motion for extension of time to conduct discovery; receive the response to interrogatories as well as response from defendants to produce documents." (See Dkt. No. 40.) On August 8, 2011, the undersigned construed the June 2, 2011 motion as a motion to compel and the motion was granted. (See Dkt. No. 45.) Defendants were then given thirty days to serve their answers to plaintiff's discovery requests. The scheduling order was also amended giving the parties until October 21, 2011 to file all pretrial motions. (See id.) Defendants then sought and received an extension of time to complete and serve their discovery responses until September 19, 2011. (See Dkt. Nos. 46 & 47.)
Defendants then received an extension of time to file a dispositive motion until November 4, 2011. (See Dkt. Nos. 49 & 50.) Thereafter, defendants filed their motion for summary judgment on November 4, 2011. Plaintiff requested an extension of time to file a response to the motion to summary judgment. (See Dkt. No. 53.) Plaintiff's request was granted and he was given until January 18, 2012 to file an opposition to the motion for summary judgment. (See Dkt. No. 54.) After no opposition was filed by that date, plaintiff was ordered to file an opposition within thirty days of January 31, 2012. (See Dkt. No. 56.) Subsequently, in March 2012, plaintiff filed his opposition to defendants' motion for summary judgment. Defendants filed a reply to plaintiff's opposition on March 19, 2012.
On April 13, 2012, plaintiff's motion to compel and motion to stay the summary judgment motion were entered on the docket. (See Dkt. Nos. 59 & 60.) Each document had a certificate of service of January 1, 2012 and January 19, 2012 respectively. (See Dkt. No. 59 at
p. 20 & Dkt. No. 60 at p. 4.) Pursuant to the prisoner mailbox rule, these documents are deemed to have been filed on January 1, 2012 and January 19, 2012 respectively. See Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266, 276 (1988). Defendants filed oppositions to the motion to compel and the motion to stay the motion for summary judgment. (See Dkt. No. 61.)
As the procedural history indicates, the discovery deadline for filing a motion to compel had long since expired even after applying the requisite prisoner mailbox rule to plaintiff's motion to compel. The initial deadline of June 10, 2011 was extended until September 19, 2011 with all other pretrial motions eventually extended and due by November 4, 2011. (See Dkt. Nos 47 & 50.) Plaintiff admits receipt of defendants' responses to his discovery requests on September 22 or 23, 2011. (See Dkt. No. 59 at p. 2.) Accordingly, plaintiff's motion to compel was filed over three months after the discovery deadline (and over three months after he received defendants' responses to his discovery requests) and almost two months after dispositive motions were due. Plaintiff does not explain his inability to file the motion to compel within the applicable discovery deadline or even before dispositive motions were due. Accordingly, the motion to compel is untimely and will be denied.
Additionally, even if not untimely, the motion to compel would be denied as plaintiff's motion to compel suffers from procedural defects. Plaintiff alludes to various objections made by the defendants in their responses to his discovery requests but he does not attach a copy of defendants' responses to his motion to compel. Furthermore, his objections in his motion to compel are general and overarching. It is impossible to decipher exactly which discovery requests the court should compel defendants to answer. While recognizing that plaintiff is proceeding pro se, "the moving party must bear the burden of informing the Court of which discovery requests are the subject of the motion to compel, which of the responses are disputed, why the responses are deficient, why the objections are not justified, and why the information sought is relevant to the prosecution of this case." Robinson v. Adams, Civ. No. 08-1380, 2010 WL 1948252, at *2 (E.D. Cal. May 11, 2010) (citing Hallett v. Morgan, 296 F.3d 732, 751 (9th Cir. 2002) (moving party bears the burden of showing that denial of discovery results in actual and substantial prejudice)) (other citations omitted). Plaintiff's motion to compel does not meet these requirements and will be denied.
Plaintiff's motion to stay the motion for summary judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(d) argues that there are facts that are unavailable to him as stated in the motion to compel. (See Dkt. No. 60 at p. 2.) Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(d) provides that, "[i]f a nonmovant shows by affidavit or declaration that, for specified reasons, it cannot present facts essential to justify its opposition, the court may: (1) defer considering the motion or deny it; (2) allow time to obtain affidavits or declarations or to take discovery; or (3) issue any other appropriate order."
Courts "have wide latitude in controlling discovery, and their rulings will not be overturned in the absence of a clear abuse of discretion." Cal. Ex. rel. Cal. Dep't of Toxic Substances Control v. Campbell, 138 F.3d 772, 779 (9th Cir. 1998). In reviewing the motion, the moving party must show: "(1) it has set forth in affidavit form the specific facts it hopes to elicit from further discovery; (2) the facts sought exist; and (3) the sought-after facts are essential to oppose summary judgment." Family Home & Fin. Ctr., Inc. v. Fed. Home Loan Mortg. Corp., 525 F.3d 825, 827 (9th Cir. 2008). "Failure to comply with these requirements is a proper ground for denying discovery and proceeding to summary judgment." Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). As granting the motion to stay the motion for summary judgment would amount to reopening discovery, the court should also examine whether the "movant diligently pursued its previous discovery opportunities and if the movant can show how allowing additional discovery would have precluded summary judgment." Panatronic USA v. AT & T Corp., 287 F.3d 840, 846 (9th Cir. 2002). In this case, as outlined above, plaintiff did not diligently pursue his previous discovery opportunities. The motion to compel which forms the basis of plaintiff's Rule 56(d) motion was filed over three months after the close of discovery and almost two months after defendants filed their dispositive motion. Accordingly, plaintiff did not diligently pursue previous discovery opportunities. Therefore, the motion to stay the motion for summary judgment will be denied.
II. SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARD
Summary judgment is appropriate when it is demonstrated that there exists "no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c).
Under summary judgment practice, the moving party always bears the initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of "the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any," which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986) (quoting FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c)). "[W]here the nonmoving party will bear the burden of proof at trial on a dispositive issue, a summary judgment motion may properly be made in reliance solely on the 'pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file.'" Id. Indeed, summary judgment should be entered, after adequate time for discovery and upon motion, against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. See id. at 322. "[A] complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party's case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial." Id. In such a circumstance, summary judgment should be granted, "so long as whatever is before the district court demonstrates that the standard for entry of summary judgment, as set forth in Rule 56(c), is satisfied." Id. at 323.
If the moving party meets its initial responsibility, the burden then shifts to the opposing party to establish that a genuine issue as to any material fact actually does exist. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). In attempting to establish the existence of this factual dispute, the opposing party may not rely upon the allegations or denials of its pleadings but is required to tender evidence of specific facts in the form of affidavits, and/or admissible discovery material, in support of its contention that the dispute exists. See FED. R. CIV. P. 56(e); Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 586 n.11. The opposing party must demonstrate that the fact in contention is material, i.e., a fact that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law, see Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986); T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pacific Elec. Contractors Ass'n, 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir. 1987), and that the dispute is genuine, i.e., the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party. See Wool v. Tandem Computers, Inc., 818 F.2d 1433, 1436 (9th Cir. 1987).
In the endeavor to establish the existence of a factual dispute, the opposing party need not establish a material issue of fact conclusively in its favor. It is sufficient that "the claimed factual dispute be shown to require a jury or judge to resolve the parties' differing versions of the truth at trial." T.W. Elec. Serv., 809 F.2d at 631. Thus, the "purpose of summary judgment is to 'pierce the pleadings and to assess the proof in order to see whether there is a genuine need for trial.'" Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587 (quoting FED. R. CIV. P. 56(e) advisory committee's note on 1963 amendments).
In resolving the summary judgment motion, the court examines the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any. FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c). The evidence of the opposing party is to be believed. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. All reasonable inferences that may be drawn from the facts placed before the court must be drawn in favor of the opposing party. See Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587. Nevertheless, inferences are not drawn out of the air, and it is the opposing party's obligation to produce a factual predicate from which the inference may be drawn. See Richards v. Nielsen Freight Lines, 602 F. Supp. 1224, 1244-45 (E.D. Cal. 1985), aff'd, 810 F.2d 898, 902 (9th Cir. 1987). Finally, to demonstrate a genuine issue, the opposing party "must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts . . . . Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party, there is no 'genuine issue for trial.'" Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587 (citation omitted).
III. BACKGROUND
On September 17, 2008, plaintiff protested a bed movement because of poor living conditions and poor treatment of inmates. (See Defs.' Undisputed Facts ("DUF") ¶ 1.) At approximately 4:30 p.m. that day, defendant Sergeant Hayes learned that plaintiff had covered up his cell windows and was refusing to relinquish his food tray. (See id. ¶ 2.) Sergeant Haynes went to plaintiff's cell and ordered plaintiff to remove the window coverings. (Id. ¶ 3.) Plaintiff removed the window coverings. (See id. at ¶ 4.) Sergeant Haynes then opened the security port on the cell door and ordered plaintiff to hand him the food tray. (See id. at ¶ 5.) Plaintiff handed Sergeant Hayes the food tray and informed Sergeant Hayes that he wanted a cell move. (See id. at ¶ 6.) Subsequently, later that day plaintiff began recovering his windows. (See id. at ¶ 9.) A security threat is created when an inmate covers up his cell windows because correctional officers are unable to monitor the inmate's activities and the inmate could be attempting to escape, to harm himself, manufacture a weapon, or attack correctional staff or other inmates. (See Sisson Decl. ¶ 4.)
At that point, Sergeant Haynes informed his supervisor, Lieutenant Sisson, of the situation and Lieutenant Sisson instructed Sergeant Haynes to assemble a cell extraction team and get authorization for the use of pepper spray. (See Haynes Decl. ¶ 6; Sisson Decl. § 5.) The use of pepper spray against plaintiff was then medically cleared. (See Haynes Decl. ¶ 8.) Prison staff then prepared for the cell extraction while at the same time allowing plaintiff a "cool down period." (See Hayes Decl. ¶ 10; Sisson Decl. ¶ 6.)
At 7:15 p.m. the extraction team approached plaintiff's cell and Lieutenant Sisson instructed plaintiff to be handcuffed or else he would be physically removed from the cell which could include the use of pepper spray and a 40 mm launcher. (See Decl. Wheeler Ex. A ("Extraction Video") at 3:45.) Sergeant Haynes then ordered plaintiff to come to his door to remove his window coverings and be handcuffed which plaintiff failed to do. (See Hayes Decl. ¶ 13; Sisson Decl. ¶ 10.)
After plaintiff did not comply with the order, Sergeant Haynes administered pepper spray into plaintiff's cell via the security port. (See Hayes Decl. ¶ 13; Sisson ¶ 10.) Sergeant Hayes then closed the security port and instructed plaintiff to remove the coverings to his cell windows and be handcuffed. (See id.) Plaintiff again did not comply with these orders. (See id.) Subsequently, a second batch of pepper spray was administered into plaintiff's cell via the security port. (See id.; Hayes Decl. ¶ 13.)
After this second use of pepper spray, plaintiff was again instructed to remove the window coverings and be restrained. (See Extraction Video at 7:37.) Thereafter, it was determined by Sergeant Haynes that a barricade of blankets was set up in plaintiff's cell. (Hayes Decl. ¶ 13.) Lieutenant Sisson then authorized Sergeant Hayes to use the 40 mm grenade launcher, a less than lethal weapon, which was loaded with a wooden baton round, to remove the barrier. (See Hayes Decl. ¶ 14-15; Sisson Decl. ¶ 14.)
Under CDCR policy, two approved options exist for removing a barricade inside of a cell during a cell extraction: the 40 mm launcher or the barricade removal device. The decision of which to use must be based on the safest manner to remove the barricade. A 40 mm is ineffective against a barricade fashioned from a mattress while a barricade removal device has minimal success for barricades of blankets and sheets due to the fabric stretching and tearing. Additionally, the barricade removal device is limited due to angles whereas the 40 mm is more suited to remove barricades of blankets and sheets because it can be aimed to dislodge the barricade. (See Wright Decl. ¶ 11; Sisson Decl. ¶12.)
Sergeant Hayes fired the 40 mm launcher through the security port into plaintiff's cell. (See Hayes Decl. ¶ 15; Sisson Decl. ¶ 14.) Sergeant Hayes then gave plaintiff another order to come to the front of his cell and remove his window coverings. (See id.) After non-compliance with Sergeant Hayes' order to remove the window coverings, a third round of pepper spray was administered into plaintiff's cell through the security port. (See Hayes Decl. ¶ 16; Sisson Decl. ¶15.) Sergeant Hayes then gave plaintiff additional orders to remove the window coverings and agree to be restrained. (See Hayes Decl. ¶ 17.) Plaintiff then called for help and eventually removed his window coverings and agreed to be handcuffed through the security port. (See Hayes Decl. ¶ 17; Sisson Decl. ¶ 15-16.)
After being decontaminated from the pepper spray with water, plaintiff was medically examined and the following injuries were documented: a cut/laceration/slash on the left elbow with active bleeding; a reddened area at the left shoulder; a reddened and swollen area at the back of the left side of the neck and contamination of plaintiff's body with pepper spray. (See Sisson Decl. ¶ 18.) Subsequently, after plaintiff was placed back in a holding cell, a subsequent evaluation determined that plaintiff had a head wound that could require additional care and plaintiff was transferred to the Correctional Treatment Center for further treatment. (See id.). The wound was a minor scalp contusion. (See Barnett Decl. ¶ 6.)
IV. DISCUSSION
A. Legal Standard
Plaintiff alleges that the defendants utilized excessive force during the cell extraction in violation of the Eighth Amendment's protection against cruel and unusual punishment. (See Complaint at p. 6.)
The Eighth Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment. "[T]he unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain ... constitutes cruel and unusual punishment forbidden by the Eighth Amendment." Whitely v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 319 (1986). "The Eighth Amendment's prohibition of cruel and unusual punishments necessarily excludes from constitutional recognition de minimis uses of physical force, provided that the use of force is not of a sort repugnant to the conscience of mankind." Wilkins v. Gaddy, - U.S. -, 130 S.Ct. 1175, 1178 (2010) (quoting Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 9, (1992)) (internal quotations omitted).
Not "every malevolent touch by a prison guard gives rise to a federal cause of action." Hudson, 503 U.S. at 9. As the Supreme Court explained in Wilkins:
The 'core judicial inquiry' . . . [is] not whether a certain quantum of injury was sustained, but rather 'whether force was applied in a good-faith effort to maintain or restore discipline, or maliciously and sadistically to cause harm.' . . . This is not to say that the "absence of serious injury" is irrelevant to the Eighth Amendment inquiry. '[T]he extent of injury suffered by an inmate is one factor that may suggest 'whether the use of force could plausibly have been thought necessary' in a particular situation.' The extent of injury may also provide some indication of the amount of force applied.130 S.Ct. at 1178-1179 (some internal citations omitted). In determining whether force was excessive, the court considers the following factors: (1) the need for application of force; (2) the extent of the injuries; (3) the relationship between the need for force and the amount of force used; (4) the nature of the threat reasonably perceived by prison officers; and (5) efforts made to temper the severity of a forceful response. See Hudson, 503 U.S. at 7. Because the use of force relates to the prisoner's legitimate penological interest in maintaining security and order, the court must be deferential to the conduct of prison officials. See Whitley, 475 U.S. at 321-22.
. . .
Injury and force, however, are only imperfectly correlated, and it is the latter that ultimately counts. An inmate who is gratuitously beaten by guards does not lose his ability to pursue an excessive force claim merely because he has the good fortune to escape without serious injury. Accordingly, the Court concluded in Hudson that the supposedly 'minor' nature of the injuries 'provide[d] no basis for dismissal of [Hudson's] § 1983 claim' because 'the blows directed at Hudson, which caused bruises, swelling, loosened teeth, and a cracked dental plate, are not de minimis for Eighth Amendment purposes.' 503 U.S. at 10.
B. Analysis
Plaintiff does not dispute that he refused to tear down his window coverings and be handcuffed. Plaintiff was then warned that failure to comply with orders to tear down the wall coverings and be handcuffed could be met with pepper spray and a 40 mm launcher. After failing to comply with these orders, pepper spray was infused into plaintiff's cell two times. After each infusion, plaintiff was ordered to tear down his window coverings and he did not comply.
In his opposition to defendants' motion for summary judgment, plaintiff takes issue with both the use of pepper spray and the 40 mm launcher during the cell extraction. (See Dkt. No. 57 at p. 6.) The use of both implements are considered in turn.
First, the use of pepper spray was not excessive so as to constitute an Eighth Amendment violation. Applying the five Hudson factors, defendants' use of pepper spray was an amount of force necessary under the circumstances. Defendants needed to ensure the safety of the inmates and staff which created a need to have plaintiff take down his window coverings. When plaintiff failed to comply with orders to tear down his window coverings, this created the need for the application of force. Furthermore, prison officials are accorded "wide-ranging deference" when prescribing "prophylactic or preventative measures intended to reduce the incidence of . . . breaches of prison discipline." Whitley, 475 U.S. at 322. The use of pepper spray was reasonably related to the need to extract plaintiff from his cell. Additionally, the severity of the response of using pepper spray was tempered by the repeated requests to tear down the window coverings as well as the use of water after the cell extraction to lessen the effects of the pepper spray once the cell extraction was complete. Accordingly, while plaintiff did show some injuries in the form of a cut on his elbow and bruising on his shoulder and neck after he was extracted from the cell, he fails to show that there is a material issue of fact that the use of pepper spray was used by the defendants "maliciously and sadistically for the very purpose of causing harm" in light of the other applicable Hudson factors, plaintiff's injuries notwithstanding. See Hudson, 503 U.S. at 6.
Plaintiff also argues that the use of the 40 mm launcher constituted excessive force in violation of the Eighth Amendment's protection against cruel and unusual punishment. First, plaintiff disputes defendants' assertion that there was a barricade in his cell (See Dkt. No. 57 Ex. D at ¶ 17.) As stated supra, the barricade was the stated reason by the defendants why the use of the 40 mm launcher was necessary. Contrary to plaintiff's assertions, however, the cell extraction video shows that there was indeed a barricade within plaintiff's cell at the time of the cell extraction. (See Cell Extraction Video at 9:10.) Accordingly, this is not a disputed issue of fact, plaintiff's assertions notwithstanding.
Besides disputing that there was a barricade in his cell, plaintiff also argues that the use of the 40 mm launcher was excessive nonetheless. Defendants assert that Sergeant Haynes aimed towards the top of plaintiff's cell so as to knock down the barricade that had been erected. (See Haynes Decl. ¶ 15; Sisson Decl. ¶ 14.) Plaintiff asserts that:
Defendant R. Haynes had several hours at the shooting range, and if this defendant was instructed by his superiors to aim at the highest point of the barricade, with shooting practice, and a target of less than 12 feet, this shows defendant most definitely aimed directly at the plaintiff, because if a barricade was fashioned to the ceiling, even with the plaintiff standing on the lower bunk, there is still 1 foot to the ceiling.(Dkt. No. 57 at p. 8.) Furthermore, plaintiff states that he "was knocked out by the impact of the wooden baton round fired from the 40 mm grenade launcher, used by defendant R. Haynes, under orders from his superiors." (Dkt. No. 57 Ex. D ¶ 8.)
The court must accept plaintiff's allegations as true at this stage of the litigation that he was hit in the head with the wooden baton round fired from the 40 mm launcher. The question then is whether the use of the 40 mm launcher during the cell extraction was excessive force in that it was used maliciously and sadistically for the very purpose of causing harm. See Hudson, 503 U.S. at 7.
The five Hudson factors once again need to be analyzed. With respect to the first factor - the need for the application of force - this factor weighs in favor of defendants. Defendants needed to use some type of force to disassemble the barricade that had been erected in plaintiff's cell after other attempts to persuade plaintiff to remove his wall coverings proved ineffective.
The second Hudson factor requires analyzing the extent of the injury suffered by the inmate. The court must accept as true at this stage of the litigation that plaintiff was knocked out by the impact of the 40 mm grenade launcher and that he suffered a minor scalp contusion.
Plaintiff does not come forward with medical evidence to dispute that the head injury he suffered was a minor scalp contusion.
The third factor requires the court to analyze the relationship between the need for force and the amount of force used. Plaintiff had erected a barricade in his cell which needed to be removed. The 40 mm launcher was seen as the best method by the defendants to accomplish this goal. The barricade removal device was seen as being less effective in light of its lack of effectiveness against sheet barricades.
The fourth factor analyzes the threat posed. The defendants had a real threat posed by plaintiff. As previously described, covering cell windows created a threat to plaintiff and prison staff as it made it impossible to view plaintiff's actions within his cell.
The fifth factor analyzes efforts made to temper the severity of the forceful response. As previously described, the defendants made several attempts to temper the forceful response of the 40 mm launcher. Before the cell extraction began, plaintiff was warned that the 40 mm launcher could be used during the course of the cell extraction if he did not comply. Defendants then used pepper spray in an attempt to extricate plaintiff from his cell and repeatedly gave plaintiff warnings to comply with their orders to take down his window coverings. It was only after plaintiff's repeated refusals to comply with direct orders along with a finding that a barricade had been erected in plaintiff's cell that a decision was made to use the 40 mm launcher.
Upon analyzing the Hudson factors, while it is assumed for purposes of analyzing this motion for summary judgment that petitioner was indeed hit by the wooden baton round fired from the 40 mm launcher, was knocked out for a brief period and suffered a minor scalp contusion as a result, the remaining four Hudson factors weigh heavily in favor of defendants. Accordingly, the court finds no material issues of fact that the use of the 40 mm launcher was maliciously and sadistically used for the purpose of causing harm. Accordingly, no material issues of fact are present with respect to plaintiff's argument that the use of the 40 mm launcher was excessive.
For all of these reasons, defendants' motion for summary judgment should be granted.
In light of the reasoning of these findings and recommendations, it is unnecessary to analyze defendants' alternative argument that they are entitled to qualified immunity.
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V. CONCLUSION
Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
1. Plaintiff's motion to compel (Dkt. No. 59) is DENIED; and
2. Plaintiff's motion to stay the motion for summary judgment (Dkt. No. 60) is DENIED.
Furthermore, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that defendants' motion for summary judgment (Dkt. No. 51) be GRANTED.
These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within fourteen days after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned "Objections to Magistrate Judge's Findings and Recommendations." Any reply to the objections shall be served and filed within seven days after service of the objections. The parties are advised that failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court's order. Martinez v. Ylst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991).
____________________
CAROLYN K. DELANEY
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
7
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