Opinion
2019–06679 Docket Nos. V–6875–17/18D, V–6875–17/18E, V–6876–17/18D, V–6876–17/18E
12-30-2020
In the Matter of Mariane CORCORAN, respondent, v. David LIEBOWITZ, appellant. (Proceeding No. 1) In the Matter of David Liebowitz, appellant, v. Mariane Corcoran, respondent. (Proceeding No. 2)
Helene Migdon Greenberg, Elmsford, NY, for appellant. Laura Daniels, Scarsdale, NY, for respondent. Robin D. Carton, White Plains, NY, attorney for the child Grant L. Jessica Bacal, Mount Kisco, NY, attorney for the child Cole L.
Helene Migdon Greenberg, Elmsford, NY, for appellant.
Laura Daniels, Scarsdale, NY, for respondent.
Robin D. Carton, White Plains, NY, attorney for the child Grant L.
Jessica Bacal, Mount Kisco, NY, attorney for the child Cole L.
CHERYL E. CHAMBERS, J.P., HECTOR D. LASALLE, BETSY BARROS, LINDA CHRISTOPHER, JJ.
DECISION & ORDER In related proceedings pursuant to Family Court Act article 6, the father appeals from an order of the Family Court, Westchester County (Nilda Morales Horowitz, J.), dated May 9, 2019. The order, without a hearing, granted the mother's petition to modify an order of the same court dated January 3, 2018, so as to limit the father to supervised parental access with the parties' children, denied the father's petition to modify the order dated January 3, 2018, so as to award him sole legal and physical custody of one child and to increase his parental access with the other child, awarded the mother primary physical custody of the children, and awarded the father only supervised or therapeutic parental access with the children.
ORDERED that the order dated May 9, 2019, is reversed, on the law, without costs or disbursements, and the matter is remitted to the Family Court, Westchester County, for a hearing and a new determination thereafter of the mother's petition and the father's petition; and it is further,
ORDERED that pending the hearing and new determination of the petitions, the provisions of the order dated May 9, 2019, shall remain in effect.
The parties' stipulation of settlement, which was incorporated but not merged into their judgment of divorce, awarded the parties joint legal and physical custody of their two children and set forth a parental access schedule. In an order dated January 3, 2018, the Family Court modified the parties' parental access schedule. Thereafter, the mother filed a petition to modify the order dated January 3, 2018, so as to limit the father to supervised parental access with the children, and the father filed a petition to modify the order dated January 3, 2018, so as to award him sole legal and physical custody of one child and to increase his parental access with the other child. The court held nine conference appearances and conducted two in camera interviews with the children, but did not hold a plenary hearing to determine custody and parental access. The court granted the mother's petition, denied the father's petition, awarded the mother primary physical custody of the children, and awarded the father only supervised or therapeutic parental access. The father appeals.
"Custody determinations ... require a careful and comprehensive evaluation of the material facts and circumstances in order to permit the court to ascertain the optimal result for the child" ( S.L. v. J.R., 27 N.Y.3d 558, 563, 36 N.Y.S.3d 411, 56 N.E.3d 193 ). Accordingly, "custody determinations should ‘[g]enerally’ be made ‘only after a full and plenary hearing and inquiry’ " ( id. at 563, 36 N.Y.S.3d 411, 56 N.E.3d 193, quoting Obey v. Degling, 37 N.Y.2d 768, 770, 375 N.Y.S.2d 91, 337 N.E.2d 601 ; see Matter of Fouyalle v. Jackson, 187 A.D.3d 907, 908, 130 N.Y.S.3d 706 ). This rule "furthers the substantial interest, shared by the State, the children, and the parents, in ensuring that custody proceedings generate a just and enduring result that, above all else, serves the best interest of a child" ( S.L. v. J.R., 27 N.Y.3d at 563, 36 N.Y.S.3d 411, 56 N.E.3d 193 ; see Matter of Fouyalle v. Jackson, 187 A.D.3d at 908, 130 N.Y.S.3d 706 ).
Although the Court of Appeals has "decline[d] ... to fashion a ‘one size fits all’ rule mandating a hearing in every custody case statewide," it has cautioned that a court "opting to forgo a plenary hearing must take care to clearly articulate which factors were—or were not—material to its determination, and the evidence supporting its decision" ( S.L. v. J.R., 27 N.Y.3d at 564, 36 N.Y.S.3d 411, 56 N.E.3d 193 ; see Brin v. Shady, 179 A.D.3d 760, 762, 116 N.Y.S.3d 688 ). The Court of Appeals has, therefore, criticized the "undefined and imprecise ‘adequate relevant information’ standard" as entailing "an unacceptably-high risk" of resulting in custody determinations that neither "conform to the best interest of a child" nor "adequately protect" a parent's "fundamental right ... ‘to control the upbringing of a child’ " ( S.L. v. J.R., 27 N.Y.3d at 564, 36 N.Y.S.3d 411, 56 N.E.3d 193, quoting Matter of Maxwell, 4 N.Y.2d 429, 439, 176 N.Y.S.2d 281, 151 N.E.2d 848 ). Accordingly, "[w]here ... facts material to the best interest analysis, and the circumstances surrounding such facts, remain in dispute, a custody hearing is required" ( S.L. v. J.R., 27 N.Y.3d at 564, 36 N.Y.S.3d 411, 56 N.E.3d 193 ; see Matter of Fouyalle v. Jackson, 187 A.D.3d at 908, 130 N.Y.S.3d 706 ).
Here, the record demonstrates disputed factual issues so as to require a hearing on the issue of the father's parental access (see S.L. v. J.R., 27 N.Y.3d at 562, 36 N.Y.S.3d 411, 56 N.E.3d 193 ; Brin v. Shady, 179 A.D.3d at 762, 116 N.Y.S.3d 688 ). Moreover, the Family Court, in making its determinations without a hearing, relied upon the hearsay statements and conclusions of the forensic evaluator, whose opinions and credibility were untested by the parties. Contrary to the contention of the mother and the attorneys for the children, "the court's mere reliance upon ‘adequate relevant information,’ as opposed to admissible evidence, was erroneous" ( Matter of Fouyalle v. Jackson, 187 A.D.3d at 909, 130 N.Y.S.3d 706 ).
Accordingly, the matter should be remitted to the Family Court, Westchester County, for a hearing and a new determination thereafter of the mother's and the father's separate petitions (see id. ; Matter of Salvi v. Salvi, 178 A.D.3d 1054, 1055, 112 N.Y.S.3d 568 ).
The remaining contentions raised by the mother and the attorney for the child Grant L. are without merit.
CHAMBERS, J.P., LASALLE, BARROS and CHRISTOPHER, JJ., concur.