Consumer Adv. Gr. v. Kintetsu Ent. of America

Full title: CONSUMER ADVOCACY GROUP, INC. et al., Plaintiffs and Appellants, v…

Court: Court of Appeal of California, Second District

Date published: Sep 29, 2005

129 Cal.App.4th 540 (Cal. Ct. App. 2005)

28 Cal. Rptr. 3d 775

Opinion

No. B158840

May 17, 2005 As Modified May 24, 2005 CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION^_ REVIEW GRANTED September 29, 2005

_ Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 976(b) and 976.1, this opinion is certified for publication with the exception of (1) the paragraph of the Introduction which begins "The fourth appeal concerns. . . ."; and the last sentence of the Introduction which begins "We affirm the entry of summary judgment. . . ."; (2) the first paragraph of the Factual and Procedural Background I; (3) The conclusion of Discussion I; (4) Factual and Procedural Background II; (5) Discussion II; and (6) The first sentence of the Disposition.

Appeal from the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, No. JCCP 4182, Carl J. West and Ann Kough,^† Judges.

† Retired judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

Yeroushalmi Associates, Daniel D. Cho, Reuben Yeroushalmi and Daniel J. Hartman, for Plaintiff and Appellant Consumer Advocacy Group, Inc. Graham Martin, Anthony G. Graham, and Michael J. Martin, for Plaintiff and Appellant Consumer Defense Group. Girardi Keese and James G. O'Callahan as Amicus Curiae, on behalf of Plaintiff and Appellant Center for Biological Diversity. Caldwell Leslie Newcombe Pettit, Michael R. Leslie and Suzanne Royce, for Defendants and Respondents Texaco Refining Marketing, Inc. Weston Benshoof Rochefort Rubalcava Maccuish, Kurt Weissmuller and Stephanie A. Jones, for Defendants and Respondents Hotel Sofitel, Accor North America, Amerihost, Kintetsu Enterprises Company of America; ARCO, and ExxonMobil. Gibson, Dunn Crutcher, Scott A. Kruse and Patrick A. Dennis, for Defendants and Respondents Wyndham International, Inc., and Patriot American Hospitality, Inc. Allen Matkins Leck Gamble Mallory, Anthony J. Oliva and Andrew Miller, for Defendants and Respondents Extended Stay, Studio Plus, Interstate Hotels, and Crossroads Hospitality LLC. Gray Cary Ware Freidenrich, DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary US and Robert C. Longstreth, for Defendants and Respondents Rite Aid Corporation and the Westgate Hotel. Latham Watkins, Betty-Jane Kirwan, Michael G. Romey and Patricia K. Tegart, for Defendants and Respondents La Quinta Corporation, La Quinta Inns, Inc., La Quinta Properties, Inc., Pacifica Hotel Company, Doubletree Hotels, Embassy Suites, Hampton Inn; Red Lion, Club Hotel, Promus Hotel Corporation, and Hilton Hotels Corporation. Jeffer Mangels, Butler Marmaro, Malcolm C. Weiss, David P. Waite and Hal D. Goldflam, for Defendants and Respondents Chhatrala Hotel Group, Rim Corporation, and Rim Hotel Group, LLC. Stringfellow Associates and Lisa Schwartz Tudzin, for Defendant and Respondent Premium Cigars International, Ltd. Assayag Mauss and Kathryn L. Kempton, for Defendants and Respondents DKN Hospitality Group and Tarsadia Hotels. Law Offices of Thomas P. Sayer, Jr., and Thomas P. Sayer, for Defendant and Respondent Pacifica Host. Smith Smith McFaul and E. Gary Smith, for Defendant and Respondent Saga Motels, Inc. Nossaman Guthner Knox Eliott, Carol Rene Brophy and Michele A. Boddy, for Defendants and Respondents Dawn Dee Motel Apartments, E-Z 8 Motels, Inc., Dazzio Corporation, RR Hotel Group, Sterling Hotels Corporation, Valley Ho Hotels, Inc., and Vasona Management Inc. Thomas Whitelaw Tyler and J. Russell Tyler, for Defendant and Respondent Sunstone Hotel Properties. Seyfarth Shaw, William H. Lancaster and Damon C. Anastasia, for Defendants and Respondents 7-Eleven, Inc., Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Sam's Club, Circle K Stores, Inc., and Tosco Corporation. Law Offices of Kenneth E. Chyten and Kenneth E. Chyten, for Defendant and Respondent Good Nite Inn, Inc. Squire, Sanders Dempsey, Kevin T. Haroff and Suzanne Henderson, for Defendant and Respondent Best Western International, Inc. Ball Janik and Brad T. Summers, for Defendant and Respondent Shilo Management Corporation. Spolin Silverman Cohen Bartlett, Theodore J. Cohen and C. Brent Parker, for Defendants and Respondents Vagabond Inns, Vagabond, Inc., and Imperial Hotels. Kaye Scholer and Jeffrey S. Gordon, for Defendant and Respondent The Beverly Hills Hotel.

COOPER, P.J.

INTRODUCTION

Three of the four consolidated appeals require us to apply Health and Safety Code section 25249.7 and California Code of Regulations, title 22, section 12903 (section 12903) to review the notice served by Consumer Advocacy Group (CAG) on hundreds of hotels and retail establishments. In its notice, CAG alleged that respondents violated Proposition 65 by exposing individuals to secondhand smoke, tobacco, and tobacco products without providing a reasonable warning. Respondents persuaded the trial court that CAG's notices were overbroad and therefore invalid. As a result, the court dismissed CAG's numerous complaints. (1) We hold that notice, for purposes of Proposition 65, must be specific and must inform the targeted hotels and retail establishments and the public prosecutor of the nature of the alleged violation. The inclusion of superfluous material in the notice does not invalidate an otherwise lawful notice. However, notice that is so broad it renders the specific violation impossible to discern fails to achieve its function. It neither affords the hotels and retail establishments an opportunity to cure a violation nor provides the public prosecutor the means to meaningfully investigate the alleged violations. In addition to alleging violations of Proposition 65, CAG also alleged respondents violated Business and Professions Code section 17200 et seq., also known as the unfair competition law (UCL). We reject CAG's argument that it may pursue its UCL claims — which are based on the identical allegations as its Proposition 65 claims — regardless of the validity of the notice required by Proposition 65. We also reject respondents' contention that Proposition 64, recently passed by the voters and substantially amending the requirements for bringing a UCL action, retroactively applies to these cases.^_ The fourth appeal concerns whether Best Western International (BWI), a member organization comprised of individually owned Best Western Hotels, may be held liable for the alleged violations of Proposition 65 by hotels in California using the Best Western trade name. We find that the trial court correctly granted summary judgment in favor of BWI because Consumer Defense Group failed to provide any evidence that BWI was responsible directly or vicariously for the alleged improper exposures to tobacco smoke. We affirm the judgment of dismissal in favor of the respondents upon whom CAG served invalid notice. We reverse the judgment of dismissal in favor of those respondents upon whom CAG served valid notice.^fn_

_ See footnote, ante, page 540.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND I (CAG APPEALS)^fn_

The trial court coordinated several actions involving allegations of exposure to secondhand smoke. Because the cases do not all involve the same parties or issues, we depart from our usual custom of summarizing the relevant facts in one section and reserve facts relevant only to Consumer Defense Group and BWI for a separate section. In this section we describe the facts relevant to CAG's multiple appeals. CAG describes itself as an organization acting in the public interest to enforce the Proposition 65 warning requirements. Center for Biological Diversity is amicus curiae in support of CAG. Respondents in the three CAG appeals are numerous hotels and retail establishments. The subject of these appeals are CAG's Proposition 65 notices alleging consumer product, environmental and occupational exposures to tobacco smoke and tobacco products. A "consumer product" exposure "is an exposure which results from a person's acquisition, purchase, storage, consumption, or other reasonably foreseeable use of a consumer good, or any exposure that results from receiving a consumer service." (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 22, § 12601, subd. (b).) An "occupational exposure" is "an exposure, in the workplace of the employer causing the exposure, to any employee." (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 22, § 12601, subd. (c).) An "environmental exposure" is "an exposure which may foreseeably occur as the result of contact with an environmental medium, including, but not limited to, ambient air, indoor air, drinking water, standing water, running water, soil, vegetation, or man-made or natural substances, either through inhalation, ingestion, skin contact or otherwise." (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 22, § 12601, subd. (d).) CAG served its first set of notices alleging violations of Proposition 65 in August 1998. ( Yeroushalmi v. Miramar Sheraton (2001) 88 Cal.App.4th 738, 743 [ 106 Cal.Rptr.2d 332] ( Miramar).) That first set of notices was held invalid by Division Four of this court in Miramar. ( Id. at p. 738.) While that appeal was pending, CAG served a second set of notices. The trial court initially found the allegations of consumer product exposures in CAG's second set of notices were sufficient. Yet, it found the claims of occupational and environmental exposures were overbroad and therefore invalid. CAG then served a third set of notices on many, but not all, of the same respondents. Respondents served with the third set of notices, like those served with the second set of notices, moved for judgment on the pleadings or filed demurrers. A new judge considered CAG's second and third set of notices. This time, the judge found that both sets were invalid in their entirety primarily because the allegations were too general. Subsequently, the court entered several judgments of dismissal, dismissing CAG's complaints. CAG filed three notices of appeal from the judgments, some of which concern the same respondents.¹ In addition to dismissing the case, the court granted a motion for sanctions brought by Comfort Inn Santa Monica, E-Z 8 Motels, Inc., Kings Inn, RR Hotel Group, Ramada Maingate-Saga Inn, Sterling Hotels, and Vasona Management Company. The court found, "Plaintiff offered no evidence of any investigation or documentation supporting claims asserted in the 60-Day Notices or in the Complaints." It refused to consider an untimely declaration. Counsel was ordered to pay sanctions of $750. CAG did not appeal from the order awarding sanctions.²

DISCUSSION I (CAG APPEALS)

(2) Whether Proposition 65 notice complies with the statutory requirements is reviewed de novo. ( Miramar, supra, 88 Cal.App.4th at p. 744.) We begin with background information regarding Proposition 65. We then consider respondents' argument that CAG's notice is invalid due to overbreadth. Finding that the notice is invalid only where the overbreadth renders it impossible to discern the specific violation, we consider exemplar notices to apply this rule. We then discuss issues raised by a subset of respondents including (1) the severability of those San Jose located respondents due to CAG's failure to serve the San Jose City Attorney; (2) the effect of the postjudgment sanctions award; and (3) the statute of limitations as applied to Good Nite Inn. Finally, we consider the viability of CAG's causes of action under Business and Professions Code section 17200 et seq. (section 17200).

I. Background (3) In 1986, voters passed Proposition 65, which was designed to warn the public of harmful exposures to chemicals. (Ballot Pamp., Gen. Elec. (Nov. 4, 1986) analysis of Proposition 65 by the Legislative Analyst, p. 52.) The resulting Health and Safety Code³ section 25249.6 provides in pertinent part: "[n]o person in the course of doing business shall knowingly and intentionally expose any individual to a chemical known to the state to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity without first giving clear and reasonable warning to such individual. . . ." (§ 25249.6.) The statute may be enforced by the Attorney General and certain city attorneys or, if specified conditions are satisfied, by a citizen. When this litigation began, section 25249.7 described the prerequisites for citizen enforcement of Proposition 65: "Actions pursuant to this section may be brought by any person in the public interest if (1) the action is commenced more than sixty days after the person has given notice of the violation which is the subject of the action to the Attorney General and the district attorney and any city attorney in whose jurisdiction the violation is alleged to occur and to the alleged violator, and (2) neither the Attorney General nor any district attorney nor any city attorney or prosecutor has commenced and is diligently prosecuting an action against such violation." (Former § 25249.7, subd. (d).)⁴ (4) Notice, the key to due process and the crux of the present appeal, is required before property interests may be disturbed or penalties assessed. ( Lambert v. California (1957) 355 U.S. 225, 228 [ 2 L.Ed.2d 228, 78 S.Ct. 240].) Notice is a mandatory precondition to a lawsuit brought by a citizen to enforce Proposition 65, the outcome of which may result in severe penalties. (§ 25249.7, subd. (b)(1); § 12903; see also Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Final Statement of Reasons Adopt Section 12903, Notices of Violation (1997) ["[s]uch influence over whether or not penalties will be collected for the public treasury is not to be taken lightly. As a condition precedent to establishing a citizen's right to proceed in the public interest on that matter, and to collect funds for the public treasury, the notice requirement should not be dismissed as a mere technicality"].) Notice serves dual purposes. It provides the public prosecutor the means to assess whether to intervene on behalf of the public. It further affords the accused an opportunity to forestall litigation by settling with the plaintiff or by curing any violation. ( Miramar, supra, 88 Cal.App.4th at p. 748.) The requirements of Proposition 65 notice are further described in section 12903. General requirements must be included regardless of the type of violation and specific requirements for consumer product, environmental and occupational violations are also described. These requirements "shall not be interpreted to require more than reasonably clear information, expressed in terms of common usage and understanding, on each of the indicated topics." (§ 12903, subd. (b)(2).) Subdivision (b) lists the general requirements: a specified attachment summarizing Proposition 65; description of the violation; the name of the noticing entity; the name of the alleged violator; the approximate time period for the violation; the name of each chemical involved in the alleged violation; and the route of exposure. (5) For notices involving consumer product exposures, the notice must include the specific type of consumer product or services that caused the violation, "'with sufficient specificity to inform the recipients of the nature of the items allegedly sold in violation of the law and to distinguish those products or services from others sold or offered by the alleged violator for which no violation is alleged.' (. . . § 12903, subd. (b)(2)(D).) [¶] Notices involving occupational exposures must include the general geographic location of the exposure to employees, or if many locations, a description of the occupation or type of task performed by the exposed persons. [Citation.]" ( Miramar, supra, 88 Cal.App.4th at p. 745.) And, "[n]otices involving environmental exposures must identify the location of the source of the exposure, or where numerous sources of the exposure are alleged, a description of the common characteristics that result in the exposure, 'in a manner sufficient to distinguish those facilities or sources from others for which no violation is alleged.' (. . . § 12903, subd. (b)(2)(F).) The notice must also state whether the environmental exposure is occurring beyond the property owned or controlled by the alleged violators. [Citation.]" ( Miramar, supra, at p. 746.) The section 12903 requirements were applied in Miramar, supra, 88 Cal.App.4th 738, which involved several of the same respondents. Division Four of this court found CAG's first set of notices were invalid. Miramar unequivocally held that "[a] notice which merely alleges that there was tobacco smoke or a cigar somewhere on or off one or more of the alleged violator's business premises, exposing the public and all classes of employees in a given city to toxins sometime during a four-year period, gives no notice at all." ( Id. at p. 750.) The court faulted CAG's consumer product notice for containing "no allegation in the notice of any of the enumerated activities." ( Id. at p. 747.) Notice naming only the harmful substance and alleging that exposure occurred through "'inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact'" failed to give sufficient information to discern the violation. ( Ibid.) "Neither settlement nor an official investigation is likely to result from a pro forma notice that the citizen intends to sue in 60 days for any violation relating to tobacco smoke or cigars that discovery might turn up." ( Id. at p. 750.) (6) In 2001, the Legislature amended section 25249.7 to require a citizen who brings a lawsuit to include a certificate of merit "executed by the attorney for the noticing party. . . . The certificate of merit shall state that the person executing the certificate has consulted with one or more persons with relevant and appropriate experience or expertise who has reviewed facts, studies, or other data regarding the exposure to the listed chemical that is the subject of the action, and that, based on that information, the person executing the certificate believes there is a reasonable and meritorious case for the private action." (§ 25249.7, subd. (d)(1).) At the conclusion of the lawsuit, the court may review the basis for the certificate of merit and, if it is frivolous, may award sanctions in favor of the defendant. (§ 25249.7, subd. (h)(2).) The effective date of the certificate of merit requirement was January 1, 2002. ( DiPirro v. American Isuzu Motors, Inc. (2004) 119 Cal.App.4th 966, 971, fn. 3 [ 14 Cal.Rptr.3d 787].) No argument is made that CAG failed to provide a certificate of merit before commencing litigation once the amendment was effective. Therefore, in discussing the adequacy of CAG's notice, we need not further consider this requirement.

3 Except for section 17200, which refers to the Business and Professions Code, and section 12903, which refers to Title 22 of the California Code of Regulations, undesignated statutory citations are to the Health and Safety Code.

4 This is the statute as amended in 1999. It was again amended in 2001 as discussed in the text. Subsequent amendments are not relevant to this case.

II. Overbreadth Respondents' overarching argument is that the overbreadth of CAG's notices invalidates them. According to respondents, just as in Miramar, the notices in this case give no notice. CAG cannot reasonably dispute respondents' claim that its notices are overbroad because none is narrowly tailored to a specific respondent. As a result, a hotel having no swimming pool, chauffeur or internal hallways may have received notice that smoking was occurring in these locations without an adequate warning. In addition, as in Miramar, many notices state that the route of exposure is through "inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact." Standing alone, overbreadth, even where substantial, does not demonstrate that the notices are invalid. Instead, the key queries are (1) whether the requirements of section 12903 are satisfied; (2) whether the notice is sufficiently specific to permit the Attorney General and the accused a meaningful opportunity to investigate; and (3) whether the notice is sufficiently specific to permit the accused a meaningful opportunity to cure. While broad language arguably may increase the burden on both the public prosecutor and the accused, that result is not automatic. For example, a hotel lacking a pool incurs no additional burden when it receives notice it failed to provide reasonable warnings in a pool area. The hotel is justified in concluding that it is not required to take any action with respect to a nonexistent pool. Thus, where an alleged violation is clear and specific, the existence of extra, inapplicable violations does not, without more, render the notice invalid. In contrast, notice that identifies possible but unclear and general violations makes it impossible for the recipient to understand the specific violation. For example, the Miramar court explained that alleging exposure through "'inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact,' in nearly the exact words of the regulation . . . suggest[s] that the violation consisted of contact, but state[s] no facts describing how the contact occurred, and neither the dates of exposure (a period of years) nor the description of persons exposed (every general class of employee respondents might have) provide any clarification." ( Miramar, supra, 88 Cal.App.4th at p. 747, italics omitted.) The failure of the notice to identify the route of exposure led the court to speculate that CAG intended to allege that the route of exposure was through contact. However, CAG's third set of notices indicates the route of exposure is through inhalation. The court, like the Miramar respondents and the public prosecutor, was unable to understand the overly broad notice. Just as overbreadth does not per se invalidate the notice, overbreadth does not necessarily demonstrate a failure to investigate as respondents imply.⁵ CAG's generic notice does not reveal the lack or existence of an investigation. A plaintiff may conduct an in-depth investigation and provide deficient notice, or may conduct no investigation but clearly describe a specific violation. The adequacy of the notice and of the investigation are separate issues. Conflating the two issues undermines the purpose of each. Specific notice may overshadow the requirement that a pleading must be certified to have evidentiary support ( Bockrath v. Aldrich Chemical Co. (1999) 21 Cal.4th 71, 82 [ 86 Cal.Rptr.2d 846, 980 P.2d 398]) or poorly drafted notice may hide a first-rate investigation.

5 For example, in their joint brief, respondents argue that "[i]t is clear from CAG's generic notices that CAG undertook no such efforts" to investigate the "alleged violations prior to issuing a notice of intent to sue." Good Nite Inn implies that if CAG had investigated it would have more narrowly tailored the notice to describe each individual property. The San Jose Defendants argue that CAG's practice of serving boilerplate notice raises the inference that no investigation was done and that "such abuses underline the need to enforce the notice requirements of Proposition 65, and demonstrate the problems that would arise if the type of generic boilerplate notices at issue in this case were permitted."

III. Second Set of Notices Served on Hotels We discuss separately the sufficiency of the notice of environmental, occupational, and consumer product exposures. Then we consider respondents' arguments that CAG failed to satisfy some of the general requirements. A. Environmental Exposures In the notice served on Amerihost Properties Inc., CAG alleged that, over a four-year period, "the violator has been and is knowingly and intentionally exposing its customers and the public to tobacco smoke and other chemicals listed below and designated by the State of California to cause cancer and reproductive toxicity without first giving clear and reasonable warning of that fact to the exposed persons (Health Safety Code Section 25249.6). The sources of exposures are tobacco smoke and other chemicals listed below. The locations of the exposures are inside limousines and cars the hotels provide as complimentary or charged, also the lobbies, corridors and hallways of floors where guest rooms designated for smokers are located, areas adjacent to pools and entrances, smoking rooms, and guest rooms designated for smoking at: [¶] The locations in the attached Exhibit A." (Boldface and italics omitted.) Respondents argue that the notice lists "broad categories of locations in which exposures could take place, without differentiating among the hotel facilities designated on the list of locations attached to the notice." According to respondents, "[b]ased on CAG's notices, one must . . . unrealistically assume that each of the hotel locations has each of the areas listed in the notice, and that smoking is actually permitted in these areas." In contrast to the notices in Miramar, where CAG stated only that the "'exposures occurred on and beyond property owned and controlled by the violators,'" here CAG specified multiple locations of exposure. ( Miramar, supra, 88 Cal.App.4th at p. 742.) Respondents' principal argument is not that the locations are unintelligible but that they are inapplicable to each respondent's property for a different reason. Contrary to respondents' contention, there is no need to assume that each hotel location has the areas listed and permits smoking in those areas. Instead, the relevant question is how the notice applies to each respondent, i.e. which alleged violations are applicable and which should be excised. The problem with this notice of environmental exposures, however, is that just as in Miramar, CAG failed to specify the route of exposure. Like in Miramar, CAG stated only that "[t]he route of exposure for Occupational Exposures and Environmental Exposures to the chemicals listed below has been inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact." CAG's broad statement, which essentially parrots the regulation, makes it difficult to discern the specific violation. Thus, while respondents' argument goes too far in claiming that the notice is invalid because not all of the alleged violations are applicable, there is merit to respondents' argument that the failure to specify a route of exposure makes it difficult to understand the specific violation and, for that reason, invalidates CAG's notice of environmental exposures. B. Occupational Exposures In its notice served on Amerihost Properties Inc., under the heading "occupational exposures," CAG alleges: "While in the course of doing business . . . [over a four-year period], the violator has been and is knowingly and intentionally exposing employees of the violator to tobacco smoke and other chemicals listed below and designated by the State of California to cause cancer and reproductive toxicity without first giving clear and reasonable warning of that fact to the exposed person (Health Safety Code Section 25249.6). The sources of exposure include tobacco smoke and other chemicals listed below at: [¶] The locations in the attached Exhibit A. [¶] The employees exposed to said chemicals include but are not limited to bartenders, cashiers, waiters, waitresses, cooks, security personnel, maintenance workers, service personnel, entertainment providers, limousine drivers and chauffeurs. Such exposures took place inside limousines and cars provided by the hotels as complimentary or charged, in the lobbies, smoking rooms, guest rooms designated for smoking, and hallways of the floors where rooms designated for smoking are located at the following locations: [¶] The locations in the attached Exhibit A." (Boldface and italics omitted.) Respondents argue CAG "merely provide[s] a laundry list of virtually every conceivable kind of hotel occupational category, without regard to whether each of the over 500 noticed locations, many of which are motor lodges with limited facilities, employ all of the classes of employees listed above. Nor do they provide any information regarding which classes of employees were being exposed at each of the noticed locations." Respondents argue Miramar found similar notices were inadequate. Miramar focused primarily on the problems with CAG's allegations of consumer product exposure and, in a footnote, noted that CAG also alleged occupational and environmental exposures. ( Miramar, supra, 88 Cal.App.4th at p. 747, fn. 6.) Miramar did not hold that listing multiple employees necessarily results in invalidity of the notice, but rather where every class of employee is identified, it may cause difficulty in understanding the nature of the violation. In the Miramar case, it made it impossible to understand the nature of the violation. ( Id. at pp. 747, 750.) The mere claim that the notices are overbroad is insufficient to demonstrate their invalidity. The statement that the exposures occurred inside vehicles provided by the hotels, lobbies, smoking rooms, and certain hallways suffices to identify the "general geographic location of the unlawful exposure to employees" as required by section 12903, subdivision (b)(2)(E)(1). CAG's use of phrases, such as "including, but not limited to" and "regardless of occupation," cannot extend the parameters of notice because the phrases identify no occupation. While such broad language is not helpful, it does not invalidate CAG's notice in its entirety. However, just as with its allegations of environmental exposure, the problem with CAG's allegations of occupational exposure lies in its description of the route of exposure through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. C. Consumer Product Exposure In the notice served on Doubletree Hotels, Embassy Suites, Hampton Inn, Red Lion, Club Hotel, and Promus Hotels Corporation, CAG stated that, over a four-year period, "the violators have been and are knowingly and intentionally manufacturing cigars and selling cigars and smokeless tobacco in the gift shops, restaurants and bars and concessionaires at: [¶] The locations in the attached Exhibit A. [¶] and [ sic] exposing consumers and the public to tobacco smoke and tobacco and other chemicals designated by the State of California to cause cancer and reproductive toxicity without first giving clear and reasonable warning. . . . The sources of exposures are tobacco smoke, and cigars and smokeless tobacco sold at the locations set forth in the above. . . . The sale, purchase, consumption and the reasonably foreseeable use of cigars and smokeless tobacco result in exposures through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact to the chemicals listed below. [¶] Purchasers of the violators' cigars lit them, smoked them and inhaled the chemicals listed below at the consumers' place of residence, work, and leisure. Consumers also smoked cigars purchased from the violators and inhaled the chemicals listed below off the violator's premises and inside the rooms designated for smokers . . ., inside limousines and cars the hotels provide as complimentary or charged, also areas adjacent to pools and entrances, smoking rooms, and guest rooms designated for smoking at: [¶] The locations in the attached Exhibit A." (Boldface and italics omitted.) With respect to cigars, CAG alleges sufficient information to understand the violation and the route of exposure with the following language: the purchasers lit the cigars, smoked them, and inhaled the chemicals in specified locations. However, with respect to smokeless tobacco, no information describes the specific violation. Thus, CAG has given sufficient notice of a consumer product violation based on cigars. The recipient of the notice may distinguish cigars from other products it sold as required by section 12903, subdivision (b)(2)(D). In the notice served on Shilo Inns, CAG states that "[p]urchasers of the violator's tobacco products lit them, smoked them, inhaled, or otherwise were exposed to the chemicals listed below. . . . Consumers also smoked tobacco products purchased from the violator and inhaled the chemicals listed below. . . ." The use of the term "tobacco products" is unclear. The term does not permit the recipient of notice to understand "the nature of the items allegedly sold in violation of the law and to distinguish those products or services from others sold or offered by the alleged violator for which no violation is alleged" as required by section 12903, subdivision (b)(2)(D). The term "tobacco products" encompasses a wide variety of products and therefore does not give the hotel sufficient notice because it is impossible to discern which product CAG alleges was sold in violation of the required warnings. 1. Res Judicata In their joint brief, respondents argue that "[a]s a result of previous legal proceedings involving Proposition 65 requirements applicable to the sale of cigars, it is particularly important that CAG specifically identify the brands of cigars for which violations are alleged." The record includes a 1988 stipulated judgment requiring placement of warnings on certain cigars and an order of the Federal Trade Commission requiring cigar warnings.⁶ (7) Respondents' argument is not persuasive. The requirements for notice in sections 25249.7 and 12903 are not dependent on the existence of other judgments. Stated otherwise, CAG's burden with respect to notice is not altered due to a stipulated judgment or Federal Trade Commission order. CAG is not required to anticipate every possible defense in its notice. Section 12903, subdivision (b)(4)(D) expressly provides that "[f]or products, the UPC number, SKU number, model or design number or stock number or other more specific identification of products" is not required. To the extent respondents' argument may be understood to mean that the term cigar is too broad because some cigars contained warnings, the overbreadth does not make the notice so unclear as to invalidate it. 7-Eleven, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Sam's Club, Circle K Stores, Inc., and Tosco Corp. argue the stipulated judgment is res judicata and bars the present litigation against them. The obvious problem with the argument is that the stipulated judgment was limited to the parties in that case. The judgment expressly provides: "This Judgment, however, does not affect the People's rights against any retailer or other person or entity not a party to this Judgment, or concerning the sale of products other than Tobacco Products." The 1988 judgment included the following retail establishments, none of whom are parties to this case: Albertson's Inc., Alpha Beta Co., Lucky Stores Inc., Raley's, Ralphs Grocery Co., Safeway Stores Inc., Thrifty Drug and Discount Stores, and Vons Grocery Co. 2. Duty To Warn (8) 7-Eleven, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Sam's Club, Circle K Stores, Inc., and Tosco Corp. also argue they have no duty to warn of exposures beyond their control. The sole legal support they cite is section 25249.11, which provides in pertinent part: "[i]n order to minimize the burden on retail sellers of consumer products including foods, regulations implementing Section 25249.6 shall to the extent practicable place the obligation to provide any warning materials such as labels on the producer or packager rather than on the retail seller, except where the retail seller itself is responsible for introducing a chemical known to the state to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity into the consumer product in question." (§ 25249.11, subd. (f).) The statute does not indicate that a retail defendant is always shielded from liability as these respondents argue. Because these respondents provide no additional argument on this issue and this potential defense does not concern the adequacy of CAG's notice, we do not further consider it in the context of this appeal. D. General Requirements (9) In addition to specific requirements for each violation, Proposition 65 notices must also satisfy general requirements codified in section 12903.

6 The consent judgment required the following warning: "WARNING: This Product Contains/Produces Chemicals Known To The State Of California To Cause Cancer, And Birth Defects Or Other Reproductive Harm[.]" The judgment indicates it is "full and final" as to Judgment Defendants only and applies to claims for violations of section 25249.6, Proposition 65, and the Unfair Competition Act. "This Judgment, however, does not affect the People's rights against any retailer or other person or entity not a party to this Judgment, or concerning the sale of products other than Tobacco Products."

1. Identification of Noticing Individual and of Alleged Violator

First, the notice must identify the noticing party, and the satisfaction of this requirement is not disputed. Second, the notice must identify the violator and, with the exception of the Circle K entities, this requirement is not disputed. (10) Circle K Stores, Inc. was erroneously sued as Circle K Co., and Circle K. Citing no legal authority, it argues that the notice was insufficient because it was incorrectly named. Circle K Stores, Inc. appeared in this action, and filed a demurrer, which eventually resulted in a dismissal. In doing so, it forfeited the argument that the notice was not sufficient because the wrong entity was named. This is analogous to a defendant who has actual knowledge of an action and submits to the authority of the court. That defendant cannot assert a violation in the service of summons, the purpose of which is to provide the defendant with knowledge of the lawsuit. ( Fireman's Fund Ins. Co. v. Sparks Construction, Inc. (2004) 114 Cal.App.4th 1135, 1148 [ 8 Cal.Rptr.3d 446].) An appearance for contesting personal jurisdiction "'"is purely a dilatory plea, and when a defendant seeks to avail himself of it, he must . . . stand upon his naked legal right and seek nothing further from the court than the enforcement of that right."'" ( Ibid., quoting Raps v. Raps (1942) 20 Cal.2d 382, 385 [ 125 P.2d 826].) By seeking a dismissal on grounds other than personal jurisdiction, Circle K Stores, Inc. forfeited its right to contest the notice on the ground that it was improperly named.

2. Identification of Each Chemical Involved in the Alleged Violation

(11) The notices must identify the chemicals that are the subject of the violation. (§ 12903, subd. (b)(2)(A).) Respondents point out that some of the notices identify smokeless tobacco and cigars, but do not differentiate the chemicals in each product. CAG responds that the chemicals are the same, and neither side provides us with sufficient information to determine this issue. CAG may proceed only with respect to those chemicals contained in the notice. To the extent they are the same, no need exists to list them twice. 3. Identification of the Approximate Time Period Respondents' more significant argument is that the four-year time period does not adequately identify the "approximate time period during which the violation is alleged to have occurred" as required by section 12903, subdivision (b)(2)(A)(3). In the context of this lawsuit, the nondelineated time period is sufficient to describe the "approximate" time period. While every exposure without a reasonable warning is a separate wrong under the statute, it is impossible to precisely identify the time of each exposure. This conclusion is similar to that reached by federal circuit courts applying the Clean Water Act, which also requires notice before a citizen initiated lawsuit. In San Francisco Baykeeper, Inc. v. Tosco Corp. (9th Cir. 2002) 309 F.3d 1153, notice stating that the defendant "was responsible for illegal discharges 'on each day when the wind has been sufficiently strong to blow coke from the piles into the slough'" was sufficient to identify the time period. ( Id. at p. 1159.) The court reasoned that the language of the notice was sufficiently specific to inform the defendant of what it was doing wrong and to allow it to cure the violation. ( Ibid.) Similarly, in Public Interest Research Group v. Hercules, Inc. (3d Cir. 1995) 50 F.3d 1239, the Third Circuit rejected an argument that the plaintiff alleging a violation of the Clean Water Act must allege the date of each violation in the notice. "While there is no doubt that such detailed information is helpful to the recipient of a notice letter in identifying the basis for the citizen suit, such specificity is not mandated by the regulation. The regulation does not require that the citizen identify every detail of a violation." ( Id. at p. 1247.) By a parity of reasoning, section 12903 requires only the "approximate time period." Respondents do not require additional information to cure the violation. 4. Attachment of Information Prepared by Lead Agency Finally, the last relevant general requirement is contained in section 12903, subdivision (b)(1), which provides: "Each notice shall include as an attachment a copy of 'The Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 (Proposition 65): A Summary'. . . . This attachment need not be included in the copies of notices sent to public enforcement agencies." Shilo Management Corporation points out that the notice served on it did not include a copy of "The Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 (Proposition 65): A Summary." CAG was required to serve that attachment along with the notice. (§ 12903, subd. (b)(1).) Its failure to follow this requirement renders the notice served on Shilo Management Corporation invalid because the notice fails to satisfy a mandatory prerequisite to a citizen lawsuit.

IV. Third Set of Notices on Hotels As we explain, CAG's third set of notices, alleging occupational and environmental exposures, rectify the problems in its second set of notices and are valid. A. Environmental Exposures With respect to environmental exposures, CAG alleged that the violators are exposing the public to tobacco smoke without the required warning. The following people are exposed: "customers, room guests, and visitors" in "areas and rooms designated for smoking; in the lobbies, hallways, and indoor/outdoor corridors that are adjacent or nearby or on the floors where rooms or areas designated for smoking . . . where smoking has been permitted by the violators are geographically located at the location of the source of the exposure on the attached Exhibit A. The persons exposed to the said chemicals at the said location(s) include, but are not limited to, the reasonably foreseeable persons corresponding to the following type of persons exposed at common characteristics of facilities or sources of exposure: [¶] Certain persons entering guest rooms designated for smoking and/or areas designated for smoking, where smoking has been or is occurring by smokers: [¶] . . . [¶] Certain persons entering or passing through lobbies, hallway, and corridors, where such areas are affected by smoke that permeates, migrates, and travels from nearby or adjacent areas and rooms designated for smoking. . . ." (Boldface and italics omitted.) CAG stated that the route of exposure was through inhalation. The notice adequately complies with section 12903, subdivision (b)(2)(F). It identifies the location of the source of exposure by providing a reasonably clear list of the locations in the hotels where exposure allegedly occurred. In the notice, CAG sufficiently describes the route of exposure as follows: "The route of exposure for Occupational Exposures to the chemicals listed below, by the exposed employees described above, have been and are from tobacco smoke (in the smoke designated areas/rooms and affected areas as describe[d]-above) through inhalation, meaning that tobacco smoke has been and is being breathed in via the ambient air by the exposed persons causing inhalation contact with their mouths, throats, bronchi, esophagi, and lungs." (Boldface and italics omitted.) B. Occupational Exposures With respect to occupational exposures, CAG alleged: For a four-year period in locations specified in Exhibit A "the violators have been and are knowingly and intentionally exposing certain employees of the violators . . . to tobacco smoke and its constituent chemicals as listed below and designated by the State of California to cause cancer and reproductive toxicity . . . without first giving clear and reasonable warning of that fact to the exposed employee (Health Safety Code Section 25249.6). [¶] The source of exposure includes tobacco smoke and its constituent chemicals as listed below at the location of the source of the exposure on the attached Exhibit A. [T]he exposure . . . took place in the following areas: in areas and rooms designated for smoking; in the lobbies, hallways, and indoor/outdoor corridors that are adjacent or nearby or on the floors where rooms or areas designated for smoking . . . are geographically located at the location of the source of the exposure on the attached Exhibit A." (Boldface and italics omitted.) The employees include those "who have to enter rooms designated for smoking such as cleaning personnel, bell boys, room service, [ sic] personnel, repair/maintenance personnel and any employees, regardless of the employees' occupation and job task . . . who have been and are entering or passing through other areas/rooms designated for smoking including, but not limited to, outdoor entrances, outdoor corridors, other areas, where smoking is permitted by the violators, and where smoking has been and is occurring." (Italics omitted.) CAG also included the following employees: "reasonably foreseeable employees . . . who pass through or enter lobbies, hallways, and corridors (that are nearby or adjacent to or on the floor where areas or rooms designated for smoking are located), and where such areas are affected by the tobacco smoke (that originates from rooms and areas designated for smoking) which permeates, migrates, and travels through the openings of doors and windows and through other structural openings of the areas/rooms designated for smoking into the said lobbies, hallways, and corridors." (Boldface and italics omitted.) CAG stated that the route of exposure was through inhalation. Respondents argue that the third set of notices "provide no notice at all about occupational exposures because they contain no facts about specific violations related to specific employees and specific hotels (such as would certainly be revealed in an investigation by CAG of the facts underlying the notice)." Respondents argue that the "third wave of notices specifically refers to a smaller list of exposed employees than the second wave of notices . . . the limited categories of employees specifically identified is eviscerated by a much more generic listing of 'any employee, regardless of occupation, who pass through or enter lobbies, hallways and corridors that are located nearby or adjacent to or on the floor where areas or rooms designated for smoking are located.'" (Boldface and italics omitted.) While the broad language identified by respondents is not useful, it does not undermine the valid portions of CAG's notice as respondents argue. This notice complies with the requirement of section 12903, subdivision (b)(2)(E). It adequately states the general geographic location and the description of the occupation performed by the exposed persons. In this notice, CAG sufficiently describes the route of exposure in the same manner as it described the route of exposure for environmental exposures.

V. Notice on Retail Stores and Gas Stations Most of the notices served on the retail establishments include only a consumer product exposure. However, a few notices also include environmental and occupational exposures. Respondents argue that "[r]ather than providing sufficient specificity about the nature of the exposures alleged at the 618 locations, the notice simply parroted the statutory language and, like the notices to Hotel Defendants, set forth broad categories of potential exposures without any detail." A. Consumer Product Exposure The notice served on Atlantic Richfield Corp. (ARCO) and related entities provides, under the heading consumer product exposure: over a four-year period "the violators have been and are knowingly and intentionally selling cigars and smokeless tobacco at the locations set forth in Exhibit A and exposing consumers and the public to tobacco smoke and other chemicals designated by the State of California to cause cancer and reproductive toxicity without first giving clear and reasonable warning of that fact to such persons. . . . The sources of exposures are cigars and smokeless tobacco. . . . The sale, purchase, consumption and the reasonably foreseeable use of cigars and smokeless tobacco result in exposures through inhalation, absorption, ingestion, and dermal contact to the chemicals listed below. Purchasers of the violators' cigars lit them, smoked them, and inhaled the chemicals listed below while the purchasers of violator's smokeless tobacco chewed them and absorbed the juices through the linings inside their mouths and stomachs." The notice of consumer product exposure is sufficient to state a violation based on both cigars and smokeless tobacco. It sufficiently identifies the routes of exposure as inhalation for cigars and absorption in the mouth and stomach for smokeless tobacco. It also sufficiently identifies the consumer products as cigars and smokeless tobacco. And, although it does not distinguish the chemicals in cigars and smokeless tobacco, it identifies the chemicals alleged in the violations. Section 12903 does not require any more. Not all of the notices CAG served on the retail defendants cover both cigars and smokeless tobacco. For example, the notice served on Circle K Stores, Inc. covers only cigars. In the notice served on Rite Aid and related entities, CAG attempts to assert a violation based on the sale of both cigars and smokeless tobacco. However, the only exposure specified is to "tobacco smoke" rendering the allegations with respect to smokeless tobacco unintelligible. To provide sufficient notice, CAG must allege the specific product, the exposure, and the route of exposure, in a manner that makes the violation clear and understandable. B. Environmental Exposures In the notice served on Sam's Club, CAG alleges the following environmental exposures: "While in the course of doing business, at: [¶] The locations in the attached Exhibit A [¶] from 5/27/95 through 5/27/99, the violators have been and are knowingly and intentionally exposing their customers and the public to tobacco and tobacco smoke and other chemicals listed below and designated by the State of California to cause cancer and reproductive toxicity without first giving clear and reasonable warning of that fact to the exposed persons (Health Safety Code Section 25249.6). The locations of the exposures are where any third party is exposed to tobacco smoke arising from cigars and pipe tobacco sold by the violators. [¶] The route of exposure for Consumer Product Exposures and Environmental Exposures to the chemicals listed below has been inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact. . . ." (Boldface and italics omitted.) (12) The statements are insufficient to comply with the requirements of section 12903, subdivision (b)(2)(F). Stating that the "locations of the exposures are where any third party is exposed to tobacco smoke arising from cigars and pipe tobacco sold by the violators" potentially covers every conceivable location traveled to by the tobacco purchaser and therefore fails to provide meaningful notice. In addition, for the same reasons discussed above, CAG fails to specify the route of exposure as required by section 12903, subdivision (b)(2)(C). The notice also fails to adequately identify the location of the source of the exposure as required by section 12903, subdivision (b)(2)(F). If CAG alleges exposure on the property of the alleged violators, it must "identify the location of the source of the exposure." If it intends to provide notice for exposure beyond the property owned or controlled by the alleged violators, section 12903 requires such a statement. C. Occupational Exposures Notice served on Overstreets/Wine Merchant includes the following occupational exposure: "While in the course of doing business, from 6/7/95 through 6/7/99, the violators have been and are knowingly and intentionally exposing employees of the violators to tobacco and tobacco smoke and other chemicals listed below and designated by the State of California to cause cancer and reproductive toxicity without first giving clear and reasonable warning of that fact to the exposed persons. (Health Safety Code Section 25249.6). Employees include but are not limited to bartenders, cashiers, maids, waiters, security personnel, maintenance workers, service personnel, and entertainment providers. Such exposure took place in the lobbies, smoking rooms, and guest rooms designated for smoking at: [¶] 9701 Santa Monica Blvd., Beverly Hills, CA 90210." (Boldface omitted.) CAG described the route of exposure as through "inhalation, absorption, ingestion and dermal contact." The allegations are insufficient because, for the reasons discussed above, they fail to adequately describe the route of exposure. Because the allegations leave the specific route of exposure to speculation, they do not provide the Overstreets/Wine Merchant a meaningful opportunity to cure or the public prosecutor a meaningful opportunity to investigate.

VI. Severability of Entities Located in San Jose The self-named "San Jose Defendants,"⁷ include hotels and retail establishments who conduct business in both San Jose and other locations in the state. They argue that CAG may not proceed against them because notice was not given to the San Jose City Attorney as required by section 25249.7, subdivision (d)(1). According to them, "[s]ince CAG chose to propound and serve only one sixty-day notice . . . and since that Notice was jurisdictionally defective as a result of CAG's failure to serve the San Jose City Attorney, CAG has no legal capacity to proceed with its Proposition 65 suit against the San Jose Defendants." CAG does not dispute that notice should have been served on the San Jose City Attorney. CAG, however, argues that this mistake renders invalid only the parts of the notice pertaining to business located in San Jose, not the part of the notice pertaining to businesses located in cities where the city attorney was provided notice.⁸ The San Jose Defendants rely primarily on Hallstrom v. Tillamook County (1989) 493 U.S. 20 [ 107 L.Ed.2d 237, 110 S.Ct. 304] ( Hallstrom), and its progeny for the argument that the failure to serve notice requires a complete dismissal. The issue in Hallstrom was "whether compliance with the 60-day notice provision [in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act] is a mandatory precondition to suit or can be disregarded by the district court at its discretion." ( Id. at p. 23.) The Supreme Court concluded that notice was a mandatory precondition to suit. Hallstrom made clear the notice requirements of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act should be interpreted literally and cannot be modified by the court. ( Id. at p. 27.) However, Hallstrom involved the failure to serve the only relevant agency and is distinguishable from this case where, except for the San Jose City Attorney, CAG served all of the relevant public prosecutors. Applying Hallstrom, the Ninth Circuit held that notice under the Clean Water Act was insufficient where it failed to name the only two plaintiffs pursuing the litigation. ( Washington Trout v. McCain Foods, Inc. (9th Cir. 1995) 45 F.3d 1351 ( Washington Trout).) Because the two plaintiffs were not named, the defendants "were not in a position to negotiate with the plaintiffs or seek an administrative remedy. This made any sort of resolution between the parties during the notice period an impossibility." ( Id. at p. 1354.) Unlike in Washington Trout, here the accused could negotiate with CAG, and, if relevant, could negotiate with the Attorney General and other public prosecutors, even though some of the locations were in San Jose and the San Jose City Attorney did not receive service. The cases relied upon by the San Jose Defendants require that entities located in San Jose must be dismissed because the San Jose City Attorney did not receive notice. However, those cases do not elucidate whether the other entities named in the same notice also must be dismissed. It is consistent with both the purpose of notice and the language of the statute to allow CAG to proceed against entities not located in San Jose. Under section 25249.7, subdivision (d), CAG is required to give notice to "the Attorney General and the district attorney and any city attorney in whose jurisdiction the violation is alleged to occur. . . ." CAG's failure to serve the San Jose City Attorney therefore affects entities in that jurisdiction where the violation is alleged to have occurred and the public prosecutor was not properly noticed. It does not affect entities in other cities where the public prosecutor was properly noticed. Although CAG chose not to do so, it could have noticed defendants in each city separately without violating notice requirements. Given this fact, it does not prejudice the San Jose Defendants to separate entities located in San Jose from those located elsewhere and to allow CAG to proceed only against those in the cities where the public prosecutor received adequate notice.

7 These include 7-Eleven, Inc., Walmart Stores, Inc., Sam's Club, Circle K Stores, Inc., Tosco Corp., Rite Aid Corp., Atlantic Richfield Co., Texaco Refining Marketing, Inc., Cigarettes Cheaper, Crossroads Hospitality, Wyndham International Inc., and Patriot American Hospitality Inc.

8 San Jose Defendants correctly point out that belated service of the San Jose City Attorney will not cure the defect. ( DiPirro v. American Isuzu Motors, Inc. (2004) 119 Cal.App.4th 966, 973 [ 14 Cal.Rptr.3d 787].) CAG does not argue otherwise.

VII. Investigation While CAG's generic notice does not automatically demonstrate a failure to investigate, the adequacy of CAG's investigation was raised by the following respondents: Dawn Dee Motel Apartments (sued as Comfort Inn Santa Monica), E-Z 8 Motels, Inc., Dazzio Corp. (sued as King's Inn Hotel), and Vasona Management Inc. (sued as Pacific Inns). The trial court awarded these respondents sanctions under Code of Civil Procedure section 128.7, finding that CAG failed "to offer any factual basis for the claims." "Plaintiff offered no evidence of any investigation or documentation supporting claims asserted in the 60-Day Notices or in the Complaints." Thus, as this case demonstrates, mechanisms other than invalidating a plaintiff's notice are available for addressing lawsuits brought without proper investigation. The propriety of the sanctions awarded is not before this court as CAG did not appeal from that order. (See Lakin v. Watkins Associated Industries (1993) 6 Cal.4th 644, 651 [ 25 Cal.Rptr.2d 109, 863 P.2d 179] [postjudgment order is appealable where issue in order is different from issue in judgment and is not preliminary to a later judgment].) Therefore, with respect to these respondents the trial court properly dismissed the complaint, which lacked any factual basis. However, the claim that the sanctions award collaterally estops any further litigation goes too far. (13) Collateral estoppel applies if five elements are satisfied: "'First, the issue sought to be precluded from relitigation must be identical to that decided in a former proceeding. Second, this issue must have been actually litigated in the former proceeding. Third, it must have been necessarily decided in the former proceeding. Fourth, the decision in the former proceeding must be final and on the merits. Finally, the party against whom preclusion is sought must be the same as, or in privity with, the party to the former proceeding.'" ( Gikas v. Zolin (1993) 6 Cal.4th 841, 849 [ 25 Cal.Rptr.2d 500, 863 P.2d 745], quoting Lucido v. Superior Court (1990) 51 Cal.3d 335, 341, [ 272 Cal.Rptr. 767, 795 P.2d 1223].) Although the sanctions order is final and on the merits with respect to the adequacy of CAG's investigation, it does not concern the validity of CAG's notice or the alleged violations of Proposition 65. CAG is not collaterally estopped from serving valid notice and then litigating the merits of its Proposition 65 claims. The finding that CAG is not collaterally estopped from litigating the same claims it previously attempted to litigate raises the issue of CAG's repeated attempts to serve notice on the same respondents, a concern to many respondents and a basis for the argument that CAG's continued prosecution of its claims constitutes an abuse of the judicial process. In its Final Statement, the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment recognized that the current statute allowed for "piecemeal litigation, as a private person identifies different categories of products in violation of the law, and provides successive sixty-day notices." (Final Statement at p. 4.) It found that "[t]his, however, is a necessary consequence of the letter and purpose of the citizen suit provision. . . ." ( Ibid.) Respondents cite and we find no rule prohibiting the successive service of notice, as occurred in this case. Therefore, we may do nothing more than acknowledge respondents' unambiguous frustration.⁹

9 We decline to consider CAG's motivation for bringing these lawsuits, as that issue is not before us.

VIII. Statute of Limitations (14) Good Nite Inn argues that the case against it must be dismissed because, regardless of whether a one-year or four-year statute of limitations is applicable, the complaint was filed more than four years "after the first violation occurred." The argument is inaccurate for two reasons. First, CAG seeks prospective injunctive relief. In this context, the case is analogous to one in which a plaintiff seeks to enjoin a continuing nuisance. Like a continuing nuisance, the continued failure to provide a reasonable warning (assuming for the moment that CAG's allegations are true), can be abated at any time or can continue indefinitely. Even if the applicable statute of limitations had expired, CAG may still obtain an injunction. ( Phillips v. City of Pasadena (1945) 27 Cal.2d 104, 107-108 [ 162 P.2d 625].) Second, each knowing and intentional exposure of "any individual to a chemical known to the state to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity without first giving clear and reasonable warning to such individual. . . ." is a violation of section 25249.6. Thus, it is incorrect to measure time from when "the first violation occurred" as Good Nite Inn does. Instead, for statute of limitations purposes, it should be measured from the time of the last alleged violation.

IX. Notices Absent from the Record (15) CAG failed to include the notices served on all of the respondents in the record. CAG acknowledges that the notices served on Airport South Hotel, LLC, Premium cigars International, Ltd. and Cigarettes Cheaper are not in the record and we are unable to locate notice served on Ramada Maingate-Saga Inn. Similarly, because the notice served on Extended Stay America and Studio Plus Properties contains only the first page, we cannot adequately review it. With respect to those notices not included in the record, CAG fails to show the trial court erred in finding them invalid. It is the burden of the party challenging the court's determination to affirmatively demonstrate error. ( Dieckmeyer v. Redevelopment Agency of Huntington Beach (2005) 127 Cal.App.4th 248, 260 [24 Cal.Rptr.3d 895].)

X. CAG's Section 17200 Claims We discuss separately the viability of CAG's section 17200 claims where CAG's notice is sufficient and where it is insufficient. For reasons we will explain, Proposition 64 does not apply to this litigation, and CAG may proceed with its claims under section 17200 against respondents served with proper notice. However, CAG may not pursue its section 17200 claims against respondents not served with adequate notice because section 17200 allegations may not be used to circumvent the Proposition 65 notice requirements. A. Retroactivity of Proposition 64 Respondents argue that Proposition 64 precludes CAG from pursuing its section 17200 claims because CAG did not suffer any injury. Prior to the 2004 amendment, a person was not required to suffer injury in order to assert a UCL claim and, as respondents point out, CAG does not allege it suffered any injury. The passage of Proposition 64 altered the standing requirement. Business and Professions Code section 17204 now provides that a citizen may bring a lawsuit only if he or she "has suffered injury in fact and has lost money or property as a result of such unfair competition." (Bus. Prof. Code, § 17204.) Business and Professions Code section 17535 provides that a citizen "who has suffered injury in fact and has lost money or property as a result of a violation of this chapter" may "prosecute" an action for a violation of that chapter. Respondents argue that the broad standing requirements were repealed as permitted by Government Code section 9606. That statute provides, "Any statute may be repealed at any time, except when vested rights would be impaired. Persons acting under any statute act in contemplation of this power of repeal." Respondents argue that CAG seeks to enforce a statutory right which was abolished. Contrary to respondents' argument Government Code section 9606 does not apply because the electorate expressed no intent to repeal the broad standing requirements. Other principles require that the amendment to the standing requirements be applied prospectively.¹⁰ The ballot pamphlet, which provides information to the electorate about propositions, expressly describes the change as an amendment rather than a repeal. This description contrasts with other propositions where the voters specified an intent to repeal the prior law. For example, our high court described the 1966 adoption of the California Constitution's appellate jurisdiction clause as a repeal and revision. ( Leone v. Medical Board (2000) 22 Cal.4th 660, 667 [ 94 Cal.Rptr.2d 61, 995 P.2d 191].) It was described to voters as repealing, amending and revising various provisions of the Constitution. (1966 Proposition 1a.) Similarly, a proposition to repeal Article XXV of the Constitution stated that it "repeals Article XXV, State Constitution" and "[r]einstates plan . . . in existence prior to adoption of Article XXV." ( Perry v. Jordan (1949) 34 Cal.2d 87, 94 [ 207 P.2d 47].) No similar description is provided in the November 2, 2004 voter guide regarding modifications to the UCL law. Voters who support a prospective application of the statute may oppose applying the same statute to cases arising before its enactment and could not understand from the ballot pamphlet this important distinction. None of the authority cited by respondents supports the conclusion that the repeal statute is applicable where the voters demonstrate no intent to exercise that power. In Southern Service Co., Ltd. v. Los Angeles (1940) 15 Cal.2d 1, 9 [ 97 P.2d 963] ( Southern Service Co.), our high court considered the following statute: "'No refund shall be made under section 3804 of this code, nor shall any action be hereafter commenced nor shall any action heretofore commenced be further prosecuted for the recovery, of any tax voluntarily paid which was levied prior to January 1, 1939. . . .'" ( Id. at p. 6, quoting former Pol. Code, § 3804.1.) The plaintiff sought to recover taxes paid under the former Political Code section 3804. ( Id. at p. 5.) The court held that "[t]he legislature may withdraw such a statutory right or remedy, and a repeal of such a statute without a saving clause will terminate all pending actions based thereon." ( Id. at pp. 11-12.) Unlike here, the intent to repeal the statute in Southern Service Co. was made clear by the phrase "'nor shall any action heretofore commenced be further prosecuted for the recovery. . . .'" ( Id. at p. 6.) (16) Callet v. Alioto (1930) 210 Cal. 65, 67-68 [ 290 P. 438] ( Callet), does not compel the conclusion that the voters intended to repeal the broad standing requirements in the UCL. In that case, our high court stated the general rule that "subject to certain limitations not necessary to discuss here, that a cause of action or remedy dependent on a statute falls with a repeal of the statute, even after the action thereon is pending, in the absence of a saving clause in the repealing statute." ( Id. at p. 67.) While the appellant in Callet argued that a statute was repealed by implication, the Supreme Court did not need to decide that issue because it concluded that the right was one at common law and therefore the general rule applying to statutory causes of action was irrelevant. ( Id. at p. 70.) Governing Board v. Mann (1977) 18 Cal.3d 819 [ 135 Cal.Rptr. 526, 558 P.2d 1] ( Mann), also does not compel the conclusion that Proposition 64 evinces an intent to exercise the power of repeal under Government Code section 9606. In that case, a school district sought to dismiss a tenured teacher who pled guilty to the possession of marijuana. ( Mann, supra, at p. 821.) The lawsuit concerned the applicability of an Education Code section that permitted the school district to dismiss an employee convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude. ( Ibid.) While the case was pending, the Legislature enacted a statute "prohibit[ing] any public entity, including a school district, from revoking any right of an individual on the basis of a pre-1976 possession of marijuana conviction so long as two years have elapsed from the date of conviction." ( Id. at p. 822.) The statute specifically referred to "arrests and convictions occurring prior to January 1, 1976." (§ 11361.7, subd. (b); see also Hooper v. Deukmejian (1981) 122 Cal.App.3d 987, 998 [ 176 Cal.Rptr. 569] [discussing the marijuana reform legislation].) Thus, it was clear the Legislature intended the Health and Safety Code to apply to conduct predating its passage, including conduct committed by the teacher in Mann. In arguing the voters intended Proposition 64 to apply to pending litigation, respondents emphasize the word "prosecute" in Business and Professions Code section 17535, arguing it shows CAG cannot pursue this action to its conclusion. Respondents argue that "[b]y using the word 'prosecute' instead of 'file' or 'bring,' the statute as amended plainly limits not only the ability to initiate a new action but also the ability to 'carry on' existing claims." (Boldface and italics omitted.) The text of the statute provides in relevant part: "Actions for injunction under this section may be prosecuted by the Attorney General or any district attorney, county counsel, city attorney, or city prosecutor in this state in the name of the people of the State of California upon their own complaint or upon the complaint of any board, officer, person, corporation or association or by any person who has suffered injury in fact and has lost money or property as a result of a violation of this chapter. Any person may pursue representative claims or relief on behalf of others only if the claimant meets the standing requirements of this section and complies with Section 382 of the Code of Civil Procedure, but these limitations do not apply to claims brought under this chapter by the Attorney General, or any district attorney, county counsel, city attorney, or city prosecutor in this state." (Bus. Prof. Code, § 17535.) (17) The word "prosecute" was included in the former version of Business and Professions Code section 17535. The italicized language is the change adopted by the voters in the 2004 election. Because the electorate did not amend the word "prosecute," it is not indicative, one way or the other, of the voter's intent in repealing the statute or ensuring its retroactive application. The plain meaning of the unaltered term does not reveal the electorate intended to apply the amendment to pending litigation. (See Evangelatos v. Superior Court (1988) 44 Cal.3d 1188, 1212 [ 246 Cal.Rptr. 629, 753 P.2d 585] [initiative measures subject to ordinary rules of construction].) The ballot pamphlet contains no express indication whether the voters intended the law to apply to pending litigation. Thus, the authority relied upon by courts finding Proposition 64 to apply retroactively does not compel that conclusion in the absence of an express intent to repeal legislation. Other principles require prospective application of the new law. Amendments to Business and Professions Code sections 17204 and 17535 affect the jurisdiction of the court. In its prior version, the UCL "conferred upon private plaintiffs 'specific power' [citation] to prosecute unfair competition claims." ( Stop Youth Addiction, Inc. v. Lucky Stores, Inc. (1998) 17 Cal.4th 553, 562 [ 71 Cal.Rptr.2d 731, 950 P.2d 1086].) Prior to the amendment, it was clear that "a suit by a citizen in the undifferentiated public interest is 'justiciable,' or appropriate for decision in a California court." ( National Paint Coatings Assn. v. State of California (1997) 58 Cal.App.4th 753, 761 [ 68 Cal.Rptr.2d 360].) None of the cases relied upon by courts finding that Proposition 64 applied retroactively similarly find that a silent repeal of jurisdiction may strip all courts of jurisdiction over pending actions midstream in the litigation. Proposition 64 did not simply alter the tribunal to hear the case, but curtailed CAG's right to invoke the judicial process anywhere. ( Landgraf v. USI Film Products (1994) 511 U.S. 244, 274 [ 128 L.Ed.2d 229, 114 S.Ct. 1483].) In addition, the general rule that a change in jurisdiction applies retroactively "'does not affect the general principle that a statute is not to be given retroactive effect unless such construction is required by explicit language or by necessary implication.'" ( Ibid., fn. 27, quoting Bruner v. United States (1952) 343 U.S. 112, 117, fn. 8 [ 96 L.Ed. 786, 72 S.Ct. 581]; see also Horsemen's Benevolent Protective Assn. v. Valley Racing Assn. (1992) 4 Cal.App.4th 1538, 1551 [ 6 Cal.Rptr.2d 698] ["If substantial changes are made, even in a statute which might ordinarily be considered procedural, the operation on existing rights would be retroactive because the legal effects of past events would be changed, and the statute would be considered to operate only in the future unless the legislative intent to the contrary is clear"]; Hallowell v. Commons (1915) 239 U.S. 506 [ 60 L.Ed. 409, 36 S.Ct. 202] [Congress may move jurisdiction to hear case from court to head of Indian affairs].) As previously explained, Proposition 64 contains no such explicit language or necessary implication. Therefore, Proposition 64 does not apply to this litigation which predated its passage. In Hughes Aircraft Co. v. United States ex rel. Schumer (1997) 520 U.S. 939 [ 138 L.Ed.2d 135, 117 S.Ct. 1871] ( Hughes Aircraft Co.), the United States Supreme Court considered the retroactive application of a statute extending standing. At issue was the qui tam provision of the false claims act that permitted private parties to sue on behalf of the United States. ( Id. at p. 941.) The statute was enacted while litigation against Hughes Aircraft Co. was pending. The high court dismissed the litigation, finding no retroactive application of the expansive standing statute. ( Id. at p. 952.) It reasoned that (1) a deeply rooted presumption against retroactivity exists ( id. at p. 946); (2) "[n]othing in the 1986 amendment evidences a clear intent by Congress that it be applied retroactively" ( id. at p. 946); (3) while the potential liability for the defendant is the same regardless of the plaintiff, the amendment eliminates a defense ( id. at p. 948); (4) the extension of standing "essentially creates a new cause of action," ( id. at p. 950); and (5) the amendment does not direct " where a suit may be brought" but instead " whether it may be brought at all." ( Id. at p. 951 (original italics).) (18) This case involves the reverse circumstance of Hughes Aircraft Co., namely the contraction rather than the extension of jurisdiction. However, the same rationale indicates that Proposition 64 should not be applied retroactively absent an express intent to do so. Regardless of whether Proposition 64 is described as a substantive, procedural or jurisdictional change, it affects whether litigation may be brought at all. It does not simply regulate the conduct of litigation. It therefore should not be applied retroactively absent an express intent. B. Viability of UCL Claims Where CAG's Notice Is Invalid CAG argues that even if its notice were insufficient for purposes of Proposition 65, its UCL claims remain viable. For reasons we will explain, we disagree. (19) "The UCL's scope is broad. By defining unfair competition to include any 'unlawful . . . business act or practice' [citation], the UCL permits violations of other laws to be treated as unfair competition that is independently actionable." ( Kasky v. Nike, Inc. (2002) 27 Cal.4th 939, 949 [ 119 Cal.Rptr.2d 296, 45 P.3d 243], italics omitted.) A plaintiff suing under the UCL may state a claim even where the unlawful action is based on a statute for which no private right of action and therefore no direct enforcement exists. ( Id. at p. 950.) CAG analogizes the failure to follow Proposition 65's notice requirements to the absence of a private right of action. Respondents, on the other hand, point out that while the scope of the UCL is indeed broad, it is not unlimited. "A plaintiff may . . . not 'plead around' an 'absolute bar to relief' simply 'by recasting the cause of action as one for unfair competition.'" ( Cel-Tech Communications, Inc. v. Los Angeles Cellular Telephone Co. (1999) 20 Cal.4th 163, 182 [ 83 Cal.Rptr.2d 548, 973 P.2d 527].) "[B]ecause the Legislature cannot anticipate all possible forms in which unfairness might occur. If, in the Unfair Practices Act (or some other provision), the Legislature considered certain activity in certain circumstances and determined it to be lawful, courts may not override that determination under the guise of the unfair competition law." ( Id. at p. 183.) However, if the Legislature did not consider that activity in those circumstances, the failure to proscribe it in a specific provision does not prevent a judicial determination that it is unfair under the unfair competition law. ( Ibid.) The holding of Cel-Tech Communications, Inc. v. Los Angeles Cellular Telephone Co., supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 182, is not directly applicable here. The issue is not whether there is an absolute bar to relief but instead is whether the notice provisions of another citizen suit on which CAG's UCL claim is based also apply to the UCL claim. Nevertheless, even though the holding is not directly applicable, Cel-Tech's reasoning is instructive. In this case, the voters specifically determined that notice is required to pursue a Proposition 65 claim and the notice requirement serves critical purposes of allowing the Attorney General or city attorney to investigate and the alleged violator to cure. Just as the UCL does not allow a plaintiff to "'plead around' a 'safe harbor,'" (20 Cal.4th at p. 184), a plaintiff cannot plead around a specific notice requirement for a citizen lawsuit. (20) In contrast to most UCL actions, a statement that the defendant violated Proposition 65 does not inform the defendant, the public prosecutor, or the court of the type of exposure that is alleged to constitute the wrong. For example, in another case involving tobacco products, a UCL lawsuit was based on the alleged violation of Penal Code section 308 which governs the sale of tobacco to minor children. The complaint in that case alleged that the defendant sold cigarettes to minor children in violation of Penal Code section 308. ( Stop Youth Addiction, Inc. v. Lucky Stores, Inc., supra, 17 Cal.4th at p. 558.) The violation was clear. In contrast, the expansive scope of Proposition 65 requires specific notice even where a UCL claim also is alleged based on the same conduct.

10 Our Supreme Court currently is considering these arguments. It recently granted review in Californians for Disability Rights v. Mervyns, LLC, review granted April 27, 2005, S131798; Benson v. Kwikset Corp., review granted April 27, 2005, S132443; Bivens v. Corel Corp., review granted April 27, 2005, S132695; and Lytwyn v. Fry's Electronics, Inc., review granted April 27, 2005, S133075.

XI. Conclusion ^fn_ The remaining question relates to the application of the above principles to each respondent.¹¹ Following each respondent's name, we indicate whether the trial court properly dismissed the respondent and the reason for our conclusion. The first notice refers to the first notice in this case, not to the notice in Miramar. We first list the hotels and then the retail establishments. ACCOR North America ( dismissal improper because notice valid as to consumer product exposure); Airport South Hotel LLC ( dismissal proper because no notice in appellate record); Amerihost Properties, Inc. ( dismissal proper because notice invalid); Beverly Hills Hotel ( dismissal improper because notice valid as to consumer product exposure); Beverly Hills Plaza Hotel ( dismissal proper because notice invalid); Carlstead Hotel Management, Inc. ( dismissal proper because notice invalid); Chhatrala Hotel Group ( dismissal proper because notice invalid); Club Hotel ( dismissal improper because notice valid as to environmental and occupational exposures); Comfort Inn Santa Monica (Dawn Dee Motel Apartments) ( dismissal proper because of failure to investigate); Crossroads Hospitality, LLC ( dismissal improper because notice valid as to consumer product exposure); DKN Hospitality Group ( dismissal proper because notice invalid); Doubletree Hotels ( dismissal improper first notice valid as to consumer product exposure and second notice valid as to occupational and environmental exposures); Embassy Suites ( dismissal improper first notice valid as to consumer product exposure and second notice valid as to occupational and environmental exposures); Extended Stay America, Inc. ( dismissal proper because complete notice not in appellate record); E-Z 8 Motels, Inc. ( dismissal proper because of failure to investigate); Goodnite Inn, Inc. ( dismissal proper because notice invalid); Hampton Inn ( dismissal improper because first notice valid as to consumer product exposure and second notice valid as to occupational and environmental exposures); Hermosa Enterprises ( dismissal proper because notice invalid); Hilton Carson Civic Plaza ( dismissal improper because notice valid as to consumer product exposure); Hilton Hotels Corp. ( dismissal improper because first notice valid as to consumer product exposure and second notice valid as to occupational and environmental exposures); Hotel Carmel ( dismissal proper because notice invalid); Hotel Managers Group ( dismissal proper because notice invalid); Hotel Sofitel (dismissal improper because notice valid as to consumer product exposure); Imperial Hotels ( dismissal improper because second notice valid as to occupational and environmental exposures); Inncal, Inc. ( dismissal proper because notice invalid); Interstate Hotels ( dismissal improper because notice valid as to consumer product exposure); Kings Inn (Valley Ho Hotels, Inc.) ( dismissal proper because failure to investigate); Kintestu Enterprises Co. of America ( dismissal proper because notice invalid); La Quinta Inns, Inc.; La Quinta Corp.; La Quinta Properties, Inc. ( dismissal improper because second notice valid as to occupational and environmental exposures); Madhuco Investments, Inc. ( dismissal proper because notice invalid); Outrigger Lodging Services ( dismissal proper because notice invalid); Pacifica Host, Inc. ( dismissal improper because second notice valid as to occupational and environmental exposures); Pacifica Hotel Co. ( dismissal improper because second notice valid as to occupational and environmental exposures); Patriot American Hospitality, Inc. ( dismissal improper because first notice valid as to consumer product exposure and second notice valid as to environmental and occupational exposures); Pinnacle Hotels USA, Inc. ( dismissal proper because notice invalid); Promus Hotel Corp. ( dismissal improper because first notice valid as to consumer product exposure and second notice valid as to environmental and occupational exposures); Ramada Maingate-Saga Inn ( dismissal proper because notice not in appellate record); RR Hotel Group (Dazzio Corporation) ( dismissal proper because notice invalid); Red Lion Hotels, Inc. ( dismissal improper because first notice valid as to consumer product exposure and second notice valid as to occupational and environmental exposures); Rim Corp. ( dismissal proper because notice invalid); Rim Hotel Group, LLC ( dismissal proper because notice invalid); Saga Motels, Inc. ( dismissal proper because notice not in appellate record); Saga Motor Hotel ( dismissal proper because notice invalid); Shilo Management Corp. (Shilo Inns Resorts) ( dismissal proper because notice invalid); Sterling Hotels Corp. ( dismissal proper because notice invalid); Stovall's Inn ( dismissal proper because notice invalid); Studio Plus Properties, Inc. (dismissal proper because complete notice not in appellate record); Sunstone Hotel Properties, Inc. ( dismissal proper because notice invalid); Tarsadia Hotels International, Inc. ( dismissal proper because notice invalid); Vagabond Inns ( dismissal improper because second notice valid as to occupational and environmental exposures); Vagabond Inc. ( dismissal improper because second notice valid as to occupational and environmental exposures); Vasona Management, Inc. (Pacific Inns) ( dismissal proper because failure to investigate); Westgate Hotel ( dismissal proper because notice invalid); Wyndham International, Inc. ( dismissal improper because fist notice valid as to consumer product exposure and second notice valid as to occupational and environmental exposures). We previously granted CAG's motion to dismiss Lotus Hotels. The retail establishments and gas stations include the following: 7-Eleven, Inc. ( dismissal improper because notice valid as to consumer product exposure); Atlantic Richfield Co. (dismissal improper because notice valid as to consumer product exposure); Cigarettes Cheaper ( dismissal proper because notice not in appellate record); Circle K Stores, Inc. ( dismissal improper because notice valid as to consumer product exposure); Exxon-Mobil ( dismissal improper because notice valid as to consumer product exposure); Friars Club of California, Inc. ( dismissal improper because notice valid as to consumer product exposure); Premium Cigars International, Ltd. ( dismissal proper because notice not in appellate record); Michael's Restaurant ( dismissal improper because notice valid as to consumer product exposure); Overstreets/the Wine Merchant ( dismissal improper because notice valid as to consumer product exposure); Rite Aid Corp. (dismissal improper because notice valid as to consumer product exposure); Sam's Club ( dismissal improper because notice valid as to consumer product exposure); Texaco Refining Marketing, Inc. ( dismissal improper because notice valid as to consumer product exposure); Tosco Corporation ( dismissal improper because notice valid as to consumer product exposure); Walmart Stores, Inc. ( dismissal improper because notice valid as to consumer product exposure).

11 Additional entities are listed in CAG's notices of appeal, but neither CAG nor respondents include them in their respective lists of the parties to this appeal. Therefore, we do not further consider them.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND II (CDG APPEAL)^fn_

In the fourth appeal, appellant is Consumer Defense Group (CDG). The respondent is BWI, which describes itself as a "non-profit membership corporation whose members independently own hotels, motels, and resorts throughout the U.S. and Canada." CDG filed 60-day notices based on exposure to secondhand smoke against, among others, BWI. No issue is raised on appeal with respect to the adequacy of CDG's notices. After providing BWI notice, CDG filed a complaint alleging that BWI violated sections 25249.5 et seq. and 17200 et seq. BWI moved for summary judgment. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of BWI and CDG timely appealed.

DISCUSSION II (CDG APPEAL)^fn_

The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of BWI on the grounds that the Best Western Hotels are individually owned and operated. BWI provided a declaration by Nir Margalit, testifying about various aspects of the relationship between BWI and Best Western Hotels and stating that BWI does not control the day-to-day operation of the hotels. Contrary to CDG's claim that the declaration was not supported, it was further supported by the membership application and the rules governing the hotels.¹² CDG argues the trial court erred in granting summary judgment, but the specific basis for error is unclear. Section 25249.6 provides, "No person in the course of doing business shall knowingly and intentionally expose any individual to a chemical known to the state to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity without first giving clear and reasonable warning to such individual" with exceptions not relevant here. (Italics added.) The statutory language suggests "that some degree of human activity which results in toxins being added to the environment is required." ( Nicolle-Wagner v. Deukmejian (1991) 230 Cal.App.3d 652, 659.) CDG neither argues that BWI is a person within the meaning of the statute nor that BWI was personally liable for any alleged violation.¹³ Thus, it appears that CDG intends to assert a theory of vicarious liability. CDG argues that BWI controls Best Western Hotels and cites to evidence of membership rules as support.¹⁴ CDG's "control" argument is difficult to makes sense of for several reasons. First, it is not clear that vicarious liability is appropriate where the statute includes a scienter requirement. ( People v. Toomey (1985) 157 Cal.App.3d 1, 14 [holding that vicarious liability does not apply to actions brought under § 17200 et seq].) Second, the right to control is only at issue only if actual agency were at issue ( Emery v. Visa Internat. Service Assn. (2002) 95 Cal.App.4th 952, 960) and CDG expressly states in its reply brief it is not relying on principles of actual agency. Third, even if we assume that control is relevant, CDG provides no evidence of control. It provided no separate statement in its opposition to BWI's motion for summary judgment and included no facts relevant to control in its factual summary on appeal.¹⁵ While the record indicates that BWI has numerous rules for its member hotels, the evidence does not necessarily show the existence of an agency relationship. ( Cislaw v. Southland Corp. (1992) 4 Cal.App.4th 1284, 1292 [a "franchisor's interest in the reputation of its entire system allows it to exercise certain controls over the enterprise without running the risk of transforming its independent contractor franchisee into an agent"].) Nichols v. Arthur Murray, Inc. (1967) 248 Cal.App.2d 610, 613 ( Nichols), upon which CDG heavily relies, is distinguishable from this case. In that case, the court held that "[i]f, in practical effect, one of the parties has the right to exercise complete control over the operation by the other an agency relationship exists; the former is the principal and the latter the agent." ( Ibid.) The party found a principal in Nichols had control over the employment of all employees, the rates of tuition and refunds, the financing of student contracts, the location of the studio and its decoration, all advertising, and that many "of the controls conferred were not related anywise to the protection of defendant's trade name. . . ." ( Id. at p. 615.) CDG provides no evidence of a similar level of control and, based on the record, there is no evidence BWI "has the right to exercise complete control over the operation" of the Best Western Hotels. ( Id. at p. 613.) CDG appears to argue that "control" is relevant because section 12903 requires notice whether "the exposure for which a warning allegedly is required occurs beyond the property owned or controlled by the alleged violators." (§ 12903, subd. (F); (italics added).) The notice requirement pertains to identifying locations of the alleged violation. It does not purport to extend liability beyond the statutory prescriptions. "'Where a statute empowers an administrative agency to adopt regulations, such regulations "must be consistent, not in conflict with the statute, and reasonably necessary to effectuate its purpose."'" ( Nicolle-Wagner v. Deukmejian (1991) 230 Cal.App.3d 652, 658, quoting Woods v. Superior Court (1981) 28 Cal.3d 668, 679.) The notice requirement does not create a basis for liability where one does not otherwise exist. CDG also mentions that BWI could be held liable on principles of ostensible agency. "An agency is ostensible when the principal intentionally, or by want of ordinary care, causes a third person to believe another to be his agent who is not really employed by him." (Civ. Code, § 2300.) Proof of an ostensible agency relationship requires proof that the person dealing with the agent believed the agent had authority, the belief was generated by some act or neglect on the part of the principal, and the person relying on the agent's authority was not guilty of negligence. ( Mejia v. Community Hospital of San Bernardino (2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 1448.) Other than mentioning the theory, CDG provides no argument related to and no evidence of any of the requirements for ostensible agency and the record contains no indication that anyone believed BWI had authority. CDG's final rationale — that BWI was required to inform its members, determine the extent of any violation, and enforce Proposition 65 — has no basis in either general legal principles or in Proposition 65. CDG is obligated to provide notice to the persons responsible for violating the statute. (§§ 25249.7 12903.) While CDG argues that BWI is liable because it has the power to enforce the California Health and Safety Code, that argument is simply incorrect as the following example illustrates. The Attorney General has the power to enforce the provisions of Proposition 65, but is not liable for every violation of that law. CDG has not shown that BWI had any actual liability, vicarious liability, or duty with respect to CDG's lawsuit.

12 The membership application provides in part: "Best Western is a nonprofit corporation operated on a cooperative basis by and for its hotelier members. The relationship of Best Western to its members is one of an independent contractor. Neither party has the power to obligate or bind the other in any way. No relationship of partners, joint venturers or agents is created. Best Western only provides services as directed by the membership. Best Western has no responsibility for the use, condition or operation of the hotel or the safety of the design of any structure or product." (Capitalization omitted.)

13 Section 25249.11 defines person as "individual, trust, firm, joint stock company, corporation, company, partnership, limited liability company, and association."

14 CDG incorrectly contends BWI admitted it can be held liable if "it 'controls' or 'operates' the Best Western hotels." BWI's actual statement is that "[i]n order to prove liability, plaintiff must show that BWI is a business that exposed individuals to tobacco smoke or other chemicals."

15 We are cognizant that courts in other jurisdictions have reached opposite conclusions on this issue. In Smith v. Best Western New Tower Inn (8th Cir. 2001) 238 F.3d 998, the Eighth Circuit found sufficient evidence to support a jury verdict that there was apparent agency under Nebraska law. The majority did not summarize the evidence upon which it based this determination. In contrast in Myszkowski v. Penn Stroud Hotel, Inc. (1993) 430 Pa.Super. 315; 634 A.2d 622, the court held that BWI could not be liable for a sexual assault that occurred in a Best Western Hotel.

DISPOSITION

* The judgment entered in favor of Interstate Hotels, LLC and Crossroads Hospitality, LLC is reversed. The remaining judgments are affirmed in part and reversed in part. Each party to this appeal to bear its own costs on appeal. Boland, J., and Johnson, J.,^† concurred.

† Associate Justice of the Court of Appeal, Second Appellate District, Division Seven, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.