Opinion
March 10, 1975.
June 24, 1975.
Criminal Law — Practice — Demurrer — Entrapment — Grant of defendant's motion for demurrer based on entrapment — Test for determining presence of entrapment — Police officer's inquiry of defendant if he had drugs for sale not constituting entrapment — Error of lower court in granting motion for demurrer — New trial.
1. An undercover narcotics agent conversed with the defendant regarding the possibility of purchasing cocaine from him. Subsequently, the defendant transferred cocaine to the agent. It was Held that the court below erred in granting the defendant's motion for a demurrer on the basis of entrapment.
2. Artifice and strategem may be employed to catch those engaged in criminal enterprises.
3. Entrapment is no defense where the Commonwealth does nothing more than offer a defendant the opportunity to commit crime.
4. Entrapment becomes a defense when a law officer, by employing methods of persuasion or inducement which create a substantial risk that persons not otherwise ready to commit the criminal act will do so, actually induces such a person to commit the act.
5. The test is whether the criminal design was created by the officer or whether the officer merely afforded the opportunity for the commission of a crime by a person already disposed to commit that crime, in which case there is no entrapment.
6. It was Held in this case that the initial question asked by the police officer was not sufficient "inducement" to persuade the defendant to commit a crime that he had no intention of committing.
Before WATKINS, P.J., JACOBS, HOFFMAN, CERCONE, PRICE, VAN der VOORT, and SPAETH, JJ.
Appeal, No. 43, March T., 1975, from order of Court Common Pleas of York County, Jan. T., 1973, No. 490, in case of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Murdis R. Wright. Order reversed and new trial ordered.
Indictment charging defendant with unlawful delivery of a controlled substance. Before SHADLE, J., without a jury.
Demurrer by defendant to the evidence sustained and defendant discharged. Commonwealth appealed.
Joel O. Sechrist, Assistant District Attorney, Morrison B. Williams, Deputy District Attorney, and Donald L. Reihart, District Attorney, for Commonwealth, appellant.
Allen H. Smith, for appellee.
JACOBS and HOFFMAN, JJ., concurred in the result.
Submitted March 10, 1975.
Appeal is taken to this Court by the Commonwealth following Judge SHADLE'S Order sustaining appellant's motion for demurrer. Entrapment was the rationale for entry of this Order.
Trial testimony indicates that one Charles Rodgers, employed as an undercover narcotics agent of the Pennsylvania State Police, conversed with appellant in an alley in York regarding the possibility of purchasing cocaine from appellant. The arrangement was consummated by appellant's transferring two foil-wrapped packages of a substance (later identified as cocaine) to Agent Rodgers in exchange for $20.00. Subsequently appellant was arrested and charged with violation of "The Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act", Section 13(a) (30). Proper indictment preceded trial.
Act of 1972, April 14, P.L. 233, No. 64 ( 35 P. S. § 780-113 (a) (30)).
Quoting Butts v. U.S., 273 F. 35, 38 (8th Cir. 1921), the United States Supreme Court, in Sorrells v. U.S., 287 U.S. 435, 444-445, 53 S. Ct. 210, 213-214 (1932), has stated, regarding entrapment, that "`it is unconscionable, contrary to public policy, and to the established law of the land to punish a man for the commission of an offense of the like of which he had never been guilty, either in thought or in deed, and evidently never would have been guilty of if officers of the law had not inspired, incited, persuaded, and lured him to attempt to commit it.'" That Court further pointed out, at U.S. 441 and S. Ct. 212, that "artifice and strategem may be employed to catch those engaged in criminal enterprises. . . ." Entrapment is no defense where the Commonwealth did nothing more than offer an appellant the opportunity to commit crime. See Commonwealth v. Kutler, 173 Pa. Super. 153, 96 A.2d 160 (1953). Entrapment does become a defense when "a law enforcement officer, by employing methods of persuasion or inducement which create a substantial risk that persons not otherwise ready to commit the criminal act will do so, actually induces such a person to commit the act." Commonwealth v. Conway, 196 Pa. Super. 97, 103-104, 173 A.2d 776, 779 (1961). To differentiate between these positions, "[t]he test is whether the criminal design was created by the officer or whether the officer merely afforded the opportunity for the commission of a crime by a person already disposed to commit that crime, in which case there is no entrapment." Commonwealth v. Klein, 222 Pa. Super. 409, 411, 294 A.2d 815, 816 (1972).
In the instant case, it is the uncontradicted testimony of the State Police Agent that he simply inquired of appellant whether he (appellant) had some cocaine for purchase. Appellant's reply was "he had none, but that he could get some", and the next step was that appellant, the agent, and others unidentified drove to an address where appellant obtained the drug which he thereupon sold to Agent Rodgers for $20.00. Absent the initial inquiry, all affirmative action in this scenario was at the instance of appellant. We find no misrepresentation, threat or coercion by the agent. Nor do we believe that the asking of the initial question presents "inducement" sufficient to dissuade an individual from his law-abiding ways, if these he has. Having been asked the pertinent question, and following with all actions leading to the commission of the crime, a defendant should not be allowed to avail himself of a defense at least for purposes of moving for a demurrer, that he was less disposed to commit the crime than undisputed testimony reveals.
We hold that the lower court erred in holding that as a matter of law the officer's conduct constituted entrapment.
Order is reversed and a new trial is ordered.
JACOBS and HOFFMAN, JJ., concur in the result.