Opinion
May 3, 1974.
October 16, 1974.
Criminal Law — Evidence — Confession — Unnecessary delay between arrest and arraignment — Delay pursuant to interrogation — Retroactivity of Commonwealth v. Futch.
Defendant, fourteen years of age, was arrested in connection with a killing at 10:10 P.M. on March 23, 1972 and was transported to police headquarters, where his questioning began at 10:50 P.M. At this time he was given Miranda warnings. The interview lasted until 11:30 P.M. during which time defendant denied any involvement in the homicide. He was then left alone until 1:35 A.M. the next morning, at which time he was interrogated until 2:05 A.M. During this period defendant orally admitted his involvement in the homicide and questioning followed from 2:45 A.M. until 3:00 A.M. At 3:30 A.M. defendant's mother arrived at police headquarters, at the request of police. Defendant spoke with his mother and thereafter she was told about defendant's Miranda rights, and at 4:53 A.M., with his mother's consent, defendant was given a polygraph test, which lasted until 6:38 A.M. At 7:00 A.M., he was confronted with a co-defendant in the case and returned to the interrogation room where he gave a formal typewritten statement, admitting that he passed the knife from its owner to a co-defendant who actually stabbed the victim, after the co-defendant had requested the knife. At 8:40 A.M. this statement was completed and signed by defendant and his mother. Defendant filed a pretrial motion to suppress this confession which motion was denied and the confession was used as evidence against him at trial which resulted in a conviction of murder in the first degree. On this appeal, defendant contended that the confession was inadmissible on the grounds of unreasonable delay between his arrest and arraignment. The Supreme Court reversed the judgment of sentence and remanded for a new trial.
Mr. Justice O'BRIEN (joined by Mr. Justice ROBERTS and Mr. Justice MANDERINO) filed an opinion, in which the judgment of the Court was rendered and in which he concluded: (1) that where a defendant has properly preserved the issue, the Court will apply its decision in Commonwealth v. Futch, 447 Pa. 389 (1972) to confessions taken before it was decided, and (2) that under the facts of this case, there was an unnecessary delay in the arraignment of defendant in contravention of Pa.R.Crim.P. 118 (now 130) and that the confession was the product of such delay.
Mr. Justice NIX concurred in the result.
Mr. Justice POMEROY (joined by Mr. Chief Justice JONES and Mr. Justice EAGEN) filed a dissenting opinion, in which he stated his continued adherence to the view that the Futch exclusionary rule should not operate with respect to conduct which took place before the exclusionary penalty was made known.
Appeals, Nos. 133 and 236, Jan. T., 1974, from judgment of sentence of Court of Common Pleas, Trial Division, of Philadelphia, May T., 1972, Nos. 147, 148 and 151, in case of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Nathaniel Johnson. Judgment of sentence reversed and case remanded.
Indictments charging defendant with murder and aggravated robbery. Before ROSENWALD, J.
Verdict of guilty of murder in the first degree and of aggravated robbery and judgment of sentence entered thereon. Defendant appealed.
Michael J. Stack, Jr., with him O'Halloran, Stack Smith, P. C., for appellant.
David Richman, Assistant District Attorney, with him Michael R. Stiles, Assistant District Attorney, Abraham J. Gafni, Deputy District Attorney, Richard A. Sprague, First Assistant District Attorney, and F. Emmett Fitzpatrick, District Attorney, for Commonwealth, appellee.
Before JONES, C. J., EAGEN, O'BRIEN, ROBERTS, POMEROY, NIX and MANDERINO, JJ.
Appellant, Nathaniel Johnson, aged fourteen, was tried by a judge and jury and found guilty of murder in the first degree and two counts of aggravated robbery. Post-trial motions were denied, and appellant was sentenced to life imprisonment, to commence after he becomes of age. This appeal followed.
On March 23, 1972, Louis Gentile and David Merrone were approached by four male youths at the corner of Fifty-ninth and Trinity Streets in Philadelphia. The youths asked Merrone and Gentile for money. They refused and were then assaulted. Gentile was punched in the face and Merrone was stabbed. The four youths fled the scene and were apprehended together in a residence located at 5825 Trinity Avenue. Merrone subsequently died as a result of the stab wounds.
Appellant was arrested at 10:10 P.M., on March 23, 1972, and was transported to police headquarters, where his questioning began at 10:50 P.M. At this time appellant was given his Miranda warnings. The interview lasted until 11:30 P.M., during which time appellant denied any involvement in the homicide. Appellant was then left alone until 1:35 A.M., on March 24, 1972, at which time he was interrogated until 2:05 A.M. During this period, appellant orally admitted his involvement in the homicide. Appellant was then questioned from 2:45 A.M., until 3:00 A.M. At 3:30 A.M., appellant's mother arrived at police headquarters, at the request of police. Appellant spoke with his mother. After appellant and his mother spoke, she was told about appellant's Miranda rights, and at 4:53 A.M., appellant, with his mother's consent, was given a polygraph test, which lasted until 6:38 A.M. At 7:00 A.M., appellant was confronted with a co-defendant in the case and returned to the interrogation room. Appellant then gave a formal typewritten statement, admitting that he passed the knife from its owner to Andre, the boy who actually stabbed the victim, after Andre had requested a knife. At 8:40 A.M., this statement was completed and signed by appellant and his mother. Appellant filed a pretrial motion to suppress this confession. The motion was denied and the confession was used as evidence against him at trial.
Appellant now argues, and we agree, that appellant's confession should have been suppressed as the product of an unnecessary delay between his arrest and his arraignment. See Commonwealth v. Futch, 447 Pa. 389, 290 A.2d 417 (1972).
Appellant denied knowledge of the homicide when he was first questioned at 10:50 P.M., on March 23; it was clear that appellant was not willing to co-operate with the police. If appellant had admitted his knowledge of the homicide, it might have been proper to continue the interrogation. See Commonwealth v. Cherry, 457 Pa. 201, 321 A.2d 611 (1974), where we explained that: ". . . it may be permissible to delay the arraignment of an arrested individual if he initially indicates a willingness to co-operate, in order to obtain information from him about co-suspects or other evidence so that such co-suspects or evidence might be speedily located while still in the vicinity . . . ."
Moreover, the fact that appellant did not co-operate with the police and the absence of any intervening events between the initial questioning and the questioning which began at 1:35 A.M., indicate that it was the delay which caused appellant to change his mind and decide to admit his involvement in the killing. We also note that the Commonwealth has advanced no reason for the delay, which leads us to the conclusion that the Commonwealth delayed the arraignment of this fourteen-year-old defendant with the specific intention of obtaining his confession. Rule 118 Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure was fashioned to prevent such procedure. See Commonwealth v. Tingle, 451 Pa. 241, 301 A.2d 701 (1973).
Reporter's Note: Effective January 1, 1974, Pa. R. Crim. P. 118 was renumbered in pertinent part as Pa. R. Crim. P. 130.
The Commonwealth again urges that our decision in Futch, supra, should not be applied to confessions taken before it was decided. We have specifically rejected that argument on numerous occasions. See Commonwealth v. Dixon, 454 Pa. 444, 311 A.2d 613 (1973), Commonwealth v. Peters, 453 Pa. 615, 306 A.2d 901 (1973), Commonwealth v. Dutton, 453 Pa. 547, 307 A.2d 238 (1973). Instead, we have applied our decision in Futch, if the issue has been properly preserved, to every case which comes before us on direct appeal, if it involves a confession taken after the procedural rule requiring arraignment without unnecessary delay after arrest went into effect.
In order that we dispel any doubts regarding the time span to be considered in computing the delay in arraignment, we specifically reject the Commonwealth's argument that the delay period ran from the time appellant gave his oral admission until his formal confession was recorded. The Commonwealth obviously makes this argument in an effort to prove that the delay in arraignment after the oral admission was harmless, since the oral admission was identical to the written confession. This argument would have vitality had appellant given an admission when he was initially questioned and simply repeated that admission in a subsequent formal statement.
Appellant raises other trial errors which we need not consider since appellant must be retried.
Judgment of sentence reversed and case remanded for a new trial consistent with this opinion.
Mr. Justice NIX concurs in the result.
In previous cases in which arguments have been advanced against the retroactive application of the exclusionary rule established in Commonwealth v. Futch, 447 Pa. 389, 290 A.2d 417 (1972), the majority of the Court has for the most part ignored (rather than "specifically rejected", as the majority opinion puts it) these arguments. But see Commonwealth v. Peters, 453 Pa. 615, 306 A.2d 901 (1973). While the opinion of the Court in the case at bar at least takes note of these arguments, it nevertheless again applies the Futch rule, first announced on April 20, 1972, to an arrest and investigation which occurred months prior to that date.
I continue to adhere to the view that the Futch exclusionary rule, intended as a deterrent to inordinate police delay in violation of our rule of criminal procedure, should not operate with respect to conduct which took place before the exclusionary penalty was made known. See Commonwealth v. Dutton, 453 Pa. 547, 551, 307 A.2d 238, 240 (1973) (dissenting opinion of POMEROY, J., joined by Mr. Chief Justice JONES and Mr. Justice EAGEN). See also Commonwealth v. Terry, 457 Pa. 185, 191, 321 A.2d 654, 656 (1974) (concurring opinion of POMEROY, J., joined by Mr. Chief Justice JONES and Mr. Justice EAGEN); Commonwealth v. Cherry, 457 Pa. 201, 206, 321 A.2d 611, 613 (1974) (dissenting opinion of POMEROY, J., joined by Mr. Chief Justice JONES and Mr. Justice EAGEN); Commonwealth v. Dixon, 454 Pa. 444, 448, 311 A.2d 613, 615 (1973) (dissenting opinion of POMEROY, J., joined by Mr. Chief Justice JONES and Mr. Justice EAGEN); and Commonwealth v. Tingle, 451 Pa. 241, 247, 301 A.2d 701, 704 (1973) (concurring opinion of EAGEN, J., joined by Mr. Chief Justice JONES and Mr. Justice POMEROY).
Pa. R. Crim. P. 118 (formerly Rule 116(a), now Rule 130).
Regretfully, I must again register dissent.
Mr. Chief Justice JONES and Mr. Justice EAGEN join in this dissenting opinion.