Opinion
November 21, 1972.
March 16, 1973.
Criminal Law — Evidence — Murder — Photographs of body of victim — Gruesome nature — Absence of evidentiary value — Abuse of discretion by trial judge — Absence of cautionary instructions.
On appeal by defendant following conviction of murder in the first degree and judgment of sentence, in which it appeared that the case involved a felony murder, it was Held that the admission of a series of photographs of the victim of a gruesome nature, which were of no essential evidentiary value, constituted an abuse of discretion by the trial court, and that the error was compounded by the absence of cautionary instructions to the jury.
Mr. Justice MANDERINO concurred in the result.
Mr. Chief Justice JONES took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.
Argued November 21, 1972. Before EAGEN, O'BRIEN, ROBERTS, POMEROY, NIX and MANDERINO, JJ.
Appeal, No. 7, Jan. T., 1973, from judgment of Court of Common Pleas of Lehigh County, April T., 1970, Nos. 178 and 179, in case of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. James B. Dankel. Judgment reversed and new trial ordered.
Indictment charging defendant with murder and burglary. Before SCHEIRER, J., specially presiding.
Verdict of guilty of murder in first degree and of burglary. Defendant's motions for new trial and in arrest of judgment denied and judgment of sentence entered. Defendant appealed.
Malcolm J. Gross, Assistant Public Defender, with him Robert E. Donatelli, Assistant Public Defender, for appellant.
Richard J. Makoul, Assistant District Attorney, with him George J. Joseph, District Attorney, for Commonwealth, appellee.
The appellant, James B. Dankel, following his conviction by a jury of murder in the first degree was sentenced to life imprisonment as the jury directed. From the judgment of sentence, this appeal was filed.
Dankel was also convicted of burglary but sentence was not passed on this conviction.
The factual background is this:
In the early morning hours of October 27, 1969, a James Newhart and a Charles Phillips broke into the residence of Harry Kramlich in Allentown, Lehigh County, through a second-story window. The two then proceeded to a first-floor bedroom where they bound and gagged Kramlich and placed an ammonia soaked rag over his face. Kramlich died from a respiratory insufficiency as a result of the inhalation of the ammonia.
Residents of a nearby house were awakened by the noise of the scuffle and alerted the police. Newhart was taken into police custody immediately, in an alley to the rear of the Kramlich property. Dankel, the appellant, was arrested about one and a half blocks from the scene as he stopped his automobile at a traffic light. Frank Elliot and Charles Phillips were later arrested and all four were charged with the burglary and murder.
Newhart and Elliot were witnesses for the Commonwealth at trial and, in relevant part, they both testified that during several conferences in which Dankel and Phillips participated plans for the burglary were discussed and agreed upon; that on the night of October 26th and the early morning hours of the 27th, the four drove around Allentown in an automobile owned and operated by Dankel and picked up certain items, including ammonia and a ladder, to be used in perpetrating the burglary; that the four then drove to the Kramlich address in Dankel's automobile where Newhart and Phillips alighted and proceeded to carry out the burglary; that Elliot remained in the rear yard to serve as a lookout and Dankel waited in his automobile on a nearby street to drive the conspirators from the scene after the burglary was completed. However, they admitted before proceeding to the Kramlich residence, Dankel stated two or three times he "didn't want to get involved in this thing."
It is not asserted that the trial evidence was insufficient to establish Dankel aided and abetted in the perpetration of the burglary, but it is urged that since Dankel did not participate in killing Kramlich and never entered into any plan contemplating such a crime, the trial court erred "in permitting the felony-murder rule to be applied under these facts." This contention was fully answered recently in Commonwealth v. Yuknavich, 448 Pa. 502, 295 A.2d 290 (1972), and need not be further considered here.
Testifying at trial, however, Dankel denied aiding in the burglary. He said he was unaware of the plans for the burglary; that he drove Newhart, Phillips and Elliot to the Kramlich residence thinking they were going to smuggle a woman out of the house, and because he feared they would damage his automobile which they threatened to do if he refused; that after the others alighted from his vehicle he drove away and went to a restaurant; that later while en route to his mother's residence he heard a shot, became curious and drove back towards the Kramlich residence and was arrested.
In Yuknavich, we pertinently stated: "This Court has consistently held that the killing need not be by the defendant in a felony-murder case. It has been established 'that in order to convict for felony-murder, the killing must have been done by the defendant or by an accomplice or confederate or by one acting in furtherance of the felonious undertaking.' Commonwealth v. Redline, 391 Pa. 486, 496, 137 A.2d 472, 476 (1958); accord, Commonwealth v. Sampson, 445 Pa. 558, 563, 285 A.2d 480, 483 (1971); Commonwealth v. Moore, 443 Pa. 364, 374, 279 A.2d 179, 185 (1971); Commonwealth v. Williams, 443 Pa. 85, 88, 277 A.2d 781, 783 (1971); Commonwealth ex rel. Smith v. Myers, 438 Pa. 218, 228, 261 A.2d 550, 555 (1970); Commonwealth v. Batley, 436 Pa. 377, 390, 260 A.2d 793, 800 (1970). Clearly where a killing occurs in the commission of a felony, all who participate therein are equally guilty of murder." Id. at 507, 295 A.2d at 293.
It is also asserted the trial court committed prejudicial error in permitting the Commonwealth to introduce certain photographic evidence at trial over objection. With this, we are compelled to agree.
The Commonwealth offered in evidence a series of photographs to which the court initially sustained a defense objection, but latter reversed its ruling and permitted the offer. Two of these photographs showed the body of Kramlich as it was found by the police lying on the bed bound and gagged in the room where the fatal assault occurred. Three others taken from different angles showed the body lying on the bed, but freed from the binds and gag. Another showed the body in the morgue. All of the four last mentioned photographs depicted in greater or lesser degree the burns on the face caused by the ammonia. All of the photographs under discussion were exhibited to the jury at close range on two separate occasions. Two of the photographs depicted in sharp detail the eroded area of the victim's face, and at least one such was a ghastly exhibit. Taking into consideration the makeup of the average jury, it is our conclusion that these photographs would very likely inflame their minds and passions. Moreover, in this, a felony-murder case, these photographs were of no essential evidentiary value. Cf. Commonwealth v. Powell, 428 Pa. 275, 241 A.2d 119 (1968).
In his summation the district attorney displayed the photographs to the jury and said, "this is what ammonia does to a human being." Moreover, although the record is unclear, the remarks of the district attorney during summation would indicate the photographs were sent out with the jury.
The Commonwealth contends the photographs were properly admitted, because they aided in establishing the commission of a felony. What this argument overlooks is that because of the gruesome nature of certain of the exhibits, it was also necessary that the photographs have essential evidential value and this requirement was totally absent here.
The commission of the burglary was undisputed. Moreover, it was firmly established through the testimony of Newhart, Elliot and other Commonwealth witnesses. The only dispute was whether Dankel aided in the perpetration of the burglary and the photographs had no essential evidentiary value in resolving this issue.
The non-essentiality of these photographs is further manifested by the witnesses who testified from these exhibits at trial, and the nature of the testimony elicited. The photographs were not used in connection with the testimony of the pathologist as to the cause of death, but were utilized by the Commonwealth to aid in the testimony of two police officers and that of Newhart, a co-felon. After describing in detail the conditions they observed in the Kramlich bedroom, the officers were then shown the photographs by the district attorney and asked if this is what the crime scene looked like. After Newhart had testified to the circumstances of the burglary and the assault upon Kramlich, he was then shown the photographs by the district attorney and asked, "James, what do these photographs show?" Newhart responded by saying they showed the old man all bound up. The essential evidentiary value of this testimony escapes us.
While the admission of photographs is largely within the discretion of the trial court, this discretion was abused in this case. Additionally, the error was compounded by the absence of cautionary instructions to the jury. Cf. Commonwealth v. Robinson, 433 Pa. 88, 249 A.2d 536 (1969).
Judgment reversed and new trial ordered.
Mr. Justice MANDERINO concurs in the result.
Mr. Chief Justice JONES took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.