Summary
In Commonwealth v. Carrasquilla, supra, 191 Pa. Super. 14, 155 A.2d 473, and Commonwealth v.DiBonaventure, 206 Pa. Super. 340, 213 A.2d 175, it was held that the evidence as to nonaccess was not sufficient to rebut the presumption.
Summary of this case from Com. ex rel. Leider v. LeiderOpinion
September 14, 1959.
November 11, 1959.
Criminal Law — Neglect to support child born out of wedlock — Evidence — Presumption of legitimacy — Rebuttal — Nonaccess — Admission of paternity.
1. The presumption of legitimacy is one of the strongest known to the law; it stands until met with evidence which makes it clearly appear that the husband cannot be the father of the child.
2. While nonaccess of the husband to the wife during the period of conception need not be proven absolutely, the evidence to overcome the presumption of legitimacy must be clear, direct, satisfactory and irrefragable.
3. On appeal by defendant following conviction on a charge of neglect to support a child born out of lawful wedlock, in which it appeared that prosecutrix testified that she and her husband were separated and that defendant lived with her for about ten months, and that the only evidence as to nonaccess was that of two witnesses who testified that during visits to prosecutrix' home during the period in question they never saw the husband but did see the defendant, it was Held that the evidence was not sufficient to rebut the presumption of legitimacy by showing beyond a reasonable doubt that the husband did not have access to prosecutrix during the period of conception.
4. Commonwealth v. Levandowski, 134 Pa. Super. 477, distinguished.
5. An admission of paternity is not admissible without competent proof of nonaccess.
Before RHODES, P.J., WRIGHT, WOODSIDE, ERVIN, and WATKINS, JJ. (HIRT and GUNTHER, JJ., absent).
Appeal, No. 351, Oct. T., 1959, from judgment of Municipal Court of Philadelphia County, Nov. T., 1957, No. 4045, in case of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Redimes Carrasquilla. Judgment reversed.
Indictment charging defendant with neglect to support child born out of wedlock. Before SPAULDING, J.
Verdict of guilty and judgment of sentence entered thereon. Defendant appealed.
William Cohen, for appellant.
Juanita Kidd Stout, Assistant District Attorney, with her Paul M. Chalfin, First Assistant District Attorney, and Victor H. Blanc, District Attorney, for appellee.
Argued September 14, 1959.
Redimes Carrasquilla was indicted under Section 732 of The Penal Code on a charge of neglect to support a child born out of lawful wedlock. Act of June 24, 1939, P.L. 872, 18 P.S. 4732. The jury returned a verdict of guilty. Carrasquilla filed motions in arrest of judgment and for a new trial. These motions were denied by the court below, sentence was imposed, and this appeal followed.
The prosecutrix, Ophelia Clark, testified that she had married one John Clark, on June 22, 1947; that she and her husband were separated; that appellant had lived with her from December 1953 until October 1954; and that she was delivered of a female child on February 5, 1955. When the child was conceived the husband was alive, and no divorce had been secured. The pivotal issue on this appeal is whether the Commonwealth adduced sufficient evidence to rebut the presumption of legitimacy by showing beyond a reasonable doubt that the husband did not have access to the prosecutrix during the period of conception.
"The presumption of legitimacy is one of the strongest known to the law. It stands until met with evidence which makes it clearly appear that the husband cannot be the father of the child . . . So strongly does the policy of the law favor legitimacy that neither husband nor wife may testify as to non access": Commonwealth v. O'Brien, 182 Pa. Super. 584, 128 A.2d 164, affirmed 390 Pa. 551, 136 A.2d 451. While non-access need not be proven absolutely, Commonwealth v. DiMatteo, 124 Pa. Super. 277, 188 A. 425, it was said in Thorn Estate, 353 Pa. 603, 46 A.2d 258, that the evidence to overcome the presumption of legitimacy must be "clear, direct, satisfactory and irrefragable".
Viewing the evidence in the light most advantageous to the Commonwealth, Commonwealth v. Nestor, 183 Pa. Super. 350, 132 A.2d 369, we are clearly of the opinion that it falls short of showing non-access beyond a reasonable doubt. Mary Chavis, a neighbor, testified that she visited the Clark home once or twice a week during the months of April, May and June, 1954, usually in the afternoon, and that she never saw the husband but did see appellant. Benjamin Williams, an uncle of the prosecutrix, also testified that he made visits to the Clark home during the months in question and never saw the husband but did see appellant. This was the extent of the testimony as to non-access. The Commonwealth relies principally on Commonwealth v. Levandowski, 134 Pa. Super. 477, 4 A.2d 201, but the proof of non-access in that case was far stronger than that appearing in the present record. The quantity of proof in the case at bar more closely resembles that in Commonwealth v. Atherton, 129 Pa. Super. 64, 194 A. 779, in which Judge CUNNINGHAM said: "It is too plain for argument that the law will not permit the presumption of legitimacy to be overthrown and a child bastardized by such evidence".
It is also contended by the Commonwealth that a purported statement by appellant admitting paternity was properly received in evidence on the theory that it corroborated the testimony as to non-access. However, an admission of paternity is not admissible without competent proof of non-access: Commonwealth v. Kerr, 150 Pa. Super. 598, 29 A.2d 340. Since the proof of non-access in the instant case did not meet the required standard, the alleged acknowledgment of paternity was inadmissible.
Judgment reversed, and appellant discharged.