Opinion
March 28, 1974.
December 11, 1974.
Criminal Law — Practice — Pre-arrest photographic identification — Presence of counsel not required — Defendant absent from photographic identification — Arrest not required as soon as probable cause for arrest exists — Commencement of adverse proceedings.
1. A defendant has no right to be present and represented by counsel at a pre-arrest photographic identification.
2. There is no requirement that a defendant be arrested as soon as probable cause exists for his arrest.
3. Adverse proceedings commence against a defendant only at the time of arrest.
4. There is no right to counsel at photographic identification either before or after arrest.
5. A conviction based on pre-trial identification by photograph may be set aside only on the ground that the identification presented was so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification.
Before WATKINS, P.J., JACOBS, HOFFMAN, CERCONE, PRICE, VAN der VOORT, and SPAETH, JJ.
Appeal, No. 1436, Oct. T., 1973, from judgment of sentence of Court of Common Pleas, Trial Division, of Philadelphia, March T., 1973, Nos. 104 and 105, in case of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Norman Harvey. Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Indictments charging defendant with aggravated robbery and burglary. Before MARSHALL, J., without a jury.
Finding of guilty and judgment of sentence entered thereon. Defendant appealed.
Dennis T. Kelly, Deputy Defender, John W. Packel, Assistant Defender, and Vincent J. Ziccardi, Defender, for appellant.
David Richman, Douglas B. Richardson, Mark Sendrow, and Steven H. Goldblatt, Assistant District Attorneys, Abraham J. Gafni, Deputy District Attorney, Richard A. Sprague, First Assistant District Attorney, and F. Emmett Fitzpatrick, District Attorney, for Commonwealth, appellee.
SPAETH, J., filed a concurring opinion, in which HOFFMAN, J., joined.
Submitted March 28, 1974.
This is an appeal from the judgment of sentence of the Court of Common Pleas, Criminal Division, of Philadelphia County by the defendant-appellant, Norman Harvey, after conviction before a judge without a jury of aggravated robbery and burglary. Concurrent sentences of four (4) to eight (8) years were imposed on the charges.
The issue in this case was the refusal of the court below to suppress a photographic identification made out of court prior to the appellant's arrest during a criminal investigation by the police. The appellant further complains that the in-court identification was legally deficient.
The facts are as follows: On December 17, 1972, at about 5:45 P.M., the victim was preparing to leave his home when he opened the door on hearing someone on the porch. When he opened the door, there was a man holding and pointing a sawed-off shot gun at him. This man he later identified as the appellant.
The man ordered him into the house and then entered with an accomplice. He was forced to lie down alongside his wife and daughter and all three were bound. His wallet was taken as well as cameras and camera equipment. The police were given a description of the robbers, one was described as 6' 6" tall, approximately 170 pounds with a close-cropped bush haircut. The appellant was observed by the victim in a well-lighted doorway for approximately 30 to 45 seconds at close range.
The investigating detective testified that later, relying on the description given he selected eight (8) photographs for the victim to examine. These photographs were placed on a table at the police station. He was alone when he examined the pictures and he selected the picture of the appellant as his assailant.
The appellant first contends that he was entitled to counsel at the photographic identification even though he was not under arrest. It is now clear that he has no such right to be present and represented by counsel at a pre-arrest identification. United States ex rel. Reed v. Anderson, 461 F.2d 739 (3d Cir. 1972); United States v. Ash, 413 U.S. 300, 93 S. Ct. 2568, 37 L. Ed. 2d 619 (1973).
However, the appellant strenuously contends that the police had probable cause to arrest before the photographic identification. It is clear that adverse criminal proceedings had not commenced at that time. There is no legal right which requires arrest the minute probable cause may exist as this would curtail police investigation to secure sufficient evidence to sustain the Commonwealth's burden of proof.
The appellant at the time of the identification was not under arrest and the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania has recently determined that adverse proceedings commence only at the time of arrest. Commonwealth v. Richman, 458 Pa. 167, 320 A.2d 351 (1974).
Although we are not called upon to decide this question, it should be noted that the Supreme Court of the United States in United States v. Ash, supra, held that there is no right to counsel at photographic identification either before or after arrest. We are only concerned with the police situation before the arrest.
Nevertheless, the appellant contends on the authority of Commonwealth v. Claitt, 454 Pa. 313, 311 A.2d 922 (1973), that "the Court made it clear that it intends to follow the Zeiler (United States v. Zeiler, 427 F.2d 1305 (3d Cir. 1970)) and Whiting (Commonwealth v. Whiting, 439 Pa. 205 (1970)) requirement that counsel be present at photographic identifications where the subject is in custody." (Emphasis — the opinion writer).
Zeiler, supra, was specifically overruled by United States ex rel. Reed v. Anderson, supra. Zeiler was not mentioned in any of the opinions filed in Claitt, supra, (Majority and two concurring); Whiting, supra, was held inapplicable in the majority opinion in Claitt, supra. In a concurring opinion, Mr. Justice POMEROY pointed out that Whiting could "no longer be considered to be an accurate statement of federal constitutional law." Commonwealth v. Claitt, supra, at page 319. It is within the realm of possibility that the Pennsylvania Supreme Court may, pursuant to the exercise of its supervisory powers, require that counsel be present at pre- and post-arrest photographic display, but it has not yet done so and there is no constitutional requirement to do so. Commonwealth v. Ash, supra.
A conviction based on pre-trial identification by photograph may be set aside only on the ground that the identification presented was "so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification." Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 384 (1968).
A careful reading of this record discloses that there is no basis for the suggestion that the identification procedure was unduly suggestive. See Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 302 (1967). Having observed the appellant for 30 to 40 seconds at two different times in a well-lit room, the victim was able to supply the police with a general but accurate description shortly after the incident. Approximately twelve hours later, the eight (8) photographs were provided by the police. All of the men in the pictures generally fit the description given. The record indicates that nothing suggestive was said to the victim to influence his identification and he was left alone to study the pictures.
The procedure followed was not suggestive and the court below properly admitted the evidence of the out-of-court identification into evidence. The court, then was not required to determine whether the photographic identification tainted the in-court identification.
Judgment affirmed.
The lead opinion holds that defendant was not entitled to counsel at the pre-arrest photographic identification. I agree with this conclusion. In dictum, however, the opinion cites United States v. Ash, 413 U.S. 300 (1973), for the rule that there is no right to counsel at photographic identification either before or after arrest. While this is a correct statement of federal constitutional law, I do not regard it as a correct statement of Pennsylvania constitutional law. In my concurring opinion in Commonwealth v. Jackson, 227 Pa. Super. 1, 15, 323 A.2d 799 (1974), I stated that the right to counsel in all criminal prosecutions guaranteed by Article I, § 9, of the Pennsylvania Constitution should be held to include the right to counsel at post-indictment photographic identifications. No attempt was made in that opinion to pin-point when the right first attaches. Since Jackson, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, as the majority notes, has ruled that the right to have counsel present at line-ups attaches at arrest. Commonwealth v. Richman, 458 Pa. 167, 320 A.2d 351 (1974). Therefore, in my view, it follows that an accused has a right to counsel at all photographic displays held after his arrest. Here, however, this right was not available, since the identification was made before his arrest.
HOFFMAN, J., joins in this opinion.