Summary
explaining that a statutory reference to "review [d]e novo" did "not take on the meaning applied in review of judicial or quasi-judicial proceedings" but instead was intended "to indicate that any relevant evidence may be introduced "
Summary of this case from Dep't of Corr. v. StilesOpinion
No. 79SA47
Decided December 17, 1979.
Action by the Colorado Land Use Commission to review the decision of the Board of County Commissioners denying the Commission's formal request to designate a proposed electric generating plant as a matter of state concern in accordance with section 24-65.1-407(1)(c) C.R.S. 1973 (1978 Supp.). The trial court declared, inter alia, that judicial review de novo was unconstitutional and therefore dismissed the complaint and the Commission appealed.
Affirmed
1. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — Constitutionality — Determination — Challenge — Premises — Statute — Upheld. There are three premises which underlie a determination of a challenge to the constitutionality of a statute, namely: first, statutory interpretation must be governed by legislative intent; second, if a statute is susceptible of both constitutional and unconstitutional interpretations, the court will construe it to avoid constitutional infirmities; third, statutory provisions in pari materia must be construed together; accordingly, section 24-65.1-407(1)(c), C.R.S. 1973, (1978 Supp.) — allowing Colorado Land Use Commission to initiate identification, designation, and promulgation of guidelines for matters of state interest — can be constitutionally upheld.
2. HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT — Colorado Land Use Act — Article — Purpose. The purpose of the article of the Colorado Land Use Act dealing with areas and activities of state interest, sections 24-65.1-101 et seq., C.R.S. 1973 (1978 Supp.), is to allow both state and local government to supervise land use which may have an impact on the people of Colorado beyond the immediate scope of the project.
3. Areas — State Interest — Colorado Land Use Commission — Delegation — — Guidelines. Although the legislature reserved the right to describe those areas affected with a state interest under the Colorado Land Use Act and establish criteria for their development, it also delegated its power to local government to so designate and promulgate guidelines with the assistance of the Colorado Land Use Commission.
4. Colorado Land Use Act — Does Not Mandate — Local Governments — Declare — Areas — State Interest — Request — Commission. The Colorado Land Use Act — which encourages local governments to designate areas and activities of state interest and which also provides that nothing in the Act should be construed as enhancing or diminishing power and authority of municipalities or counties — does not mandate local governments to declare that projects or areas are a matter of state interest upon request by the Colorado Land Use Commission.
5. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — Declare Land Use Projects — Courts — Judicial Review — Municipality Action — State Interest — Violation of Separation of Powers. To place ultimate determination in the courts through judicial review of municipality or county's legislative action in declaring land use projects or areas to be a matter of state interest would violate constitutional principle of separation of powers.
6. COURTS — Authority — Review — Legislative Determination — Ensure — Procedures — Followed. A court may, when given the authority by the General Assembly, review a legislative determination to ensure that statutory procedures have been followed, or to ensure that the legislative body has not abused its discretion.
7. HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT — Statute — Limitation — Judicial Review — Colorado Land Use Commission — Enforce Compliance — Local Government — Courts — Scheme — Carried Out. The limitation upon the scope of judicial review of legislative activities is completely consistent with the language of section 24-65.1-407(1)(c), C.R.S. 1973 (1978 Supp.); in fact, the General Assembly has provided a procedure whereby the Colorado Land Use Commission can seek to enforce compliance by local government with that body's statutory duty to consider designation of areas or activities as matters of state interest subject to certain guidelines following formal request by the Commission; role of courts, however, is not to pass upon substantive merits of local government's determination, but rather to ensure that the statutory scheme has been appropriately carried out.
8. Review De Novo — Statute — Questions of Illegality — Local Government — Designation of Land — State Interest — Evidence. Review de novo under section 24-65.1-407(1)(c) does not take on the meaning applied in review of judicial or quasi-judicial proceedings: namely, trial anew on the merits; rather, it constitutes a review of questions of illegality or impropriety on the part of the local government with that body's statutory duty to consider designation of land use project as matter of state interest; the de novo term is merely included to indicate that any relevant evidence may be introduced to prove that illegality or impropriety, such as the intentional exclusion of material testimony, fraud, a sham proceeding, bribery, or the failure to comply with statutory requirements.
9. Colorado Land Use Commission — Review — Denial — Merits — Electric Generating Plant — Absence of Allegation — Nothing to Review — Dismissal — Proper. Where the Colorado Land Use Commission sought a de novo determination of the merits of the decision of the board of county commissioners, denying Commission's formal request to designate proposed electric generating plant as matter of state concern, trial court's sole function was to review illegality and propriety of county's proceedings; thus, in the absence of any such allegation by the Commission, which was seeking review of merits of determination, there was nothing for the trial court to review; accordingly, trial court's judgment dismissing the complaint was proper.
10. Colorado Land Use Commission — "Interfere" — Powers of Municipality — — Negative — Review — Act — Constitutional. Since review process of county or municipality's designation of area or activity as matter of state interest is limited to issues of legality exclusively, municipal functions are in no way impaired, and thus the Colorado Land Use Commission cannot "interfere" with lawful exercise of powers of municipality with regard to such designations, and statutory review provisions of Colorado Land Use Act are constitutional.
11. ZONING — Electric Generating Plant — Permit — Intergovernmental Agreement — Standards — Reasonable Land Use — Valid and Enforceable. With regard to issuance of permit for proposed electric generating plant, where county surrendered none of its zoning authority but, rather, merely agreed to standards that it would apply in passing on whether to issue permit for proposed plant, and where such agreement was reasonable in light of great expense in preparing for project of magnitude involved, intergovernmental agreement — in which county agreed to base its approval of application upon standards set forth in agreement in return for river power authority's agreement to abide by county's zoning and reasonable land use regulations — was valid and enforceable.
Appeal from the District Court of Larimer County, Honorable Conrad L. Ball, Judge.
J. D. MacFarlane, Attorney General, Richard F. Hennessey, Deputy, Edward G. Donovan, Solicitor General, Marcia M. Hughes, Assistant Attorney General, James L. Kurtz-Phelan, Assistant, for appellant.
Harden, Napheys, Schmidt, Hass, P.C., George H. Hass, for Board of County Commissioners and members.
Arthur E. March, Jr., for City of Fort Collins.
Lynn A. Hammond Roger Clark, Randy Williams, for City of Loveland.
Ralph Josephson, for City of Longmont.
Babcock and White, P.C., Gregory A. White, for Town of Estes Park.
Moses, Wittemyer, Harrison Woodruff, P.C., John Wittemyer, Bryan W. Blakely, for Platte River Power Authority.
Thomas O. David, for amicus curiae Board of County Commissioners of Weld County.
Richard P. Doucette, for amicus curiae Board of County Commissioners of Grand County.
The appellant, the Colorado Land Use Commission (Commission), initiated an action in the trial court to review the decision of the Board of County Commissioners of Larimer County (County) denying the Commission's formal request to designate a proposed electric generating plant as a matter of state concern in accordance with section 24-65.1-407(1)(c), C.R.S. 1973 (1978 Supp.). This statute, which is a provision of Part 4 of the Colorado Land Use Act, allows the Commission to seek judicial review de novo of a local government's actions under sections 24-65.1-401 et seq., C.R.S. 1973 (1978 Supp.). Part 4 delegates to local governments the function of designating areas or activities as matters of state interest subject to certain guidelines. The trial court declared, inter alia, that judicial review de novo was unconstitutional as a violation of the separation of powers principle enunciated in Colo. Const. Art. III and therefore dismissed the complaint. We affirm the dismissal; however, we hold the statute to be constitutional.
The present controversy centers upon the Rawhide Energy Project (Project), an electrical generating plant and waste disposal facility. The municipalities of Fort Collins, Loveland, Longmont, and Estes Park organized the Platte River Power Authority (Authority) to plan and construct the facility. The chosen site is located within the territorial limits of Larimer County. On August 25, 1977, the Authority entered into an intergovernmental agreement, whereby the Authority would seek rezoning, provide a report on the environmental impact, and agree to abide by Larimer County's zoning and reasonable land use regulations. In return, the County agreed to base its approval of the application upon standards set forth within the agreement.
On August 26, 1977, the Commission, pursuant to section 24-65.1-407(1)(a), C.R.S. 1973 (1978 Supp.), filed a formal request with the County to take action for consideration of the Project as a matter of state interest. The County complied with the Commission's request and held a public hearing in accordance with section 24-65.1-404, C.R.S. 1973 (1978 Supp.). The County decided not to designate the Project as a matter of state interest.
The Commission filed a complaint against the County in the trial court seeking a determination that the project involved a matter of state interest and an order requiring the County to so designate and adopt statutory guidelines and regulations. Upon the County's motion, the court joined the municipalities and the Authority as necessary parties. The Commission filed an amended complaint seeking a declaration that the intergovernmental agreement was illegal and void. The trial court dismissed the complaint declaring the statutory provision permitting judicial review by trial de novo to be in violation of the separation of powers principle as described in Colo. Const. Art. III. The trial court also ruled that the attempt by the Commission to force a designation upon the County was prohibited by Colo. Const. Art. V, Sec. 35, which bars interference by "special" commissions with municipal improvements and functions. Finally, the trial court held the intergovernmental agreement to be valid and enforceable. The Commission challenges each of these rulings in this court.
[1] There are three premises which underlie a determination of a challenge to the constitutionality of a statute.
"First, statutory interpretation must be governed by legislative intent; second, if a statute is susceptible of both constitutional and unconstitutional interpretations, the court will construe it to avoid constitutional infirmities; third, statutory provisions in pari materia must be construed together."
Colorado State Board of Medical Examiners v. Jorgensen, 198 Colo. 275, 599 P.2d 869 (1979). When these three tenets are applied to section 24-65.1-407(1)(c), C.R.S. 1973 (1978 Supp.), we find that it can be constitutionally upheld. However, since this construction is consistent with the trial court's judgment dismissing the Commission's complaint, we find it unnecessary to reverse the judgment.
[2,3] The purpose of the Colorado Land Use Act dealing with areas and activities of state interest, sections 24-65.1-101 et seq., C.R.S. 1973 (1978 Supp.), is to allow both state and local government to supervise land use which may have an impact on the people of this state beyond the immediate scope of the project. Although the General Assembly reserved the right to describe such areas and establish criteria for their development, it also delegated its power to local government to so designate and promulgate guidelines with the assistance of the Commission. Section 24-65.1-101(2), C.R.S. 1973 (1978 Supp.).
[4] There is nothing in the article which would indicate that local governments have any duty to declare such projects or areas to be a matter of state interest. In fact, the General Assembly has declared that "local governments shall be encouraged to designate areas and activities of state interest." Section 24-65.1-101(2)(b), C.R.S. 1973 (1978 Supp.) (Emphasis added). The General Assembly also provided that "nothing in this article shall be construed as enhancing or diminishing the power and authority of municipalities [or] counties . . . ." Section 24-65.1-105(1), C.R.S. 1973 (1978 Supp.). With such language it is difficult for this court to accept the Commission's position that local governments are mandated to make designations upon the Commission's request.
We now consider the impact of Part 4 (sections 24-65.1-401 et seq.) of this article, which has given rise to this litigation. On its face it might appear that under certain circumstances, the General Assembly was mandating a designation by local governments. However, when read in pari materia with the above-quoted sections of the Act, this was clearly not the intent of the General Assembly. Cf. City of Littleton v. Wagenblast, 139 Colo. 346, 338 P.2d 1025 (1959) (Judicial review of annexation proceedings conducted by local governments).
[5] The designation process, as recognized by both parties during oral argument before this court, is a quasi-legislative function. Cf. Board of County Commissioners v. City and County of Denver, 37 Colo. App. 395, 548 P.2d 922 (1976) (Annexation proceedings). To place the ultimate determination in the courts through judicial review of this legislative action would violate the constitutional principle of the separation of powers. Tihanovich v. Williams, 196 Colo. 144, 582 P.2d 1051 (1978); Frankel v. City and County of Denver, 147 Colo. 373, 363 P.2d 1063 (1961).
[6] Nevertheless, a court may, when given the authority by the General Assembly, review a legislative determination to ensure that statutory procedures have been followed, City of Englewood v. Daily, 158 Colo. 356, 407 P.2d 325 (1965), or to ensure that the legislative body has not abused its discretion.
"We hold that in reviewing the budgeting and taxing actions of a board of county commissioners, which are clearly legislative, a trial court should give great deference to the board's discretionary acts, and should apply an abuse of discretion standard."
Tihanovich, supra.
[7] This limitation upon the scope of judicial review of legislative activities is completely consistent with the language of section 407(1)(c). The General Assembly provided a procedure whereby the Commission can seek to enforce compliance by a local government with that body's statutory duty to consider designation following a formal request by the Commission. The role of the courts is not to pass upon the substantive merits of the local government's determination, but rather to ensure that the statutory scheme has been appropriately carried out.
What then is the purpose of a "trial de novo" as mentioned in section 24-65.1-407(1)(c)? Although this court has been called upon to define this term in the context of judicial review of both judicial and quasi-judicial proceedings, we have yet to address its meaning when used in providing for judicial review of legislative or quasi-legislative proceedings. We therefore turn to other jurisdictions for guidance on this issue.
The Supreme Court of Iowa has interpreted de novo review in the legislative context. Interpreting a similar provision for judicial review of municipal zoning decisions in the Iowa Statutes, that court held:
"The term 'de novo' as used in either section does not bear its equitable connotation. It authorizes the taking of additional testimony, but only for the submission and consideration of those questions of illegality . . . ."
Trailer City, Inc. v. Board of Adjustment, 218 N.W.2d 645, 647 (Iowa 1974). On an earlier occasion that court defined illegality as
"arbitrary and unreasonable actions, or proceedings not authorized by, or contrary to the terms or spirit and purpose of the statute creating and defining the powers of the board, or contrary to, or unsupported by facts on which the power to act depends, or within which the power must be exercised."
Anderson v. Jester, 206 Iowa 452, 463, 221 N.W. 354, 359 (1928). Accord Weldon v. Zoning Board, 250 N.W.2d 396 (Iowa 1977). This rationale is sound and necessarily leads to a logical interpretation of legislative intent.
[8] We hold that review de novo under section 24-65.1-407(1)(c) does not take on the meaning applied in review of judicial or quasi-judicial proceedings: trial anew on the merits, People v. Williams, 172 Colo. 434, 473 P.2d 982 (1970). Rather, it constitutes a review of questions of illegality or impropriety on the part of local government. The de novo term is included to indicate that any relevant evidence may be introduced to attempt to prove illegality such as fraud, sham, bribery, failure to comply with statutory requirements, or abuse of legislative discretion.
Since the Act provides no mechanism for the preservation of a record during the local government proceedings, any evidence previously introduced, which is relevant to the issue in the district court, may again be presented. Cf. Section 31-12-116(5), C.R.S. 1973 (1978 Repl. Vol. 12) (Judicial review de novo of annexation proceedings by local governments).
[9] Since the Commission here sought a de novo determination of the merits of the County's determination regarding the designation, the trial court properly entered a judgment dismissing the complaint. The trial court's sole function was to review the legality and propriety of the County's proceedings, and since there was no allegation in the complaint by the Commission to this effect, there was nothing for the trial court to review. Its judgment dismissing the complaint must therefore be affirmed.
[10] The remaining issues can be briefly addressed. As to the alleged violation of Article V, section 35 of the Constitution of the State of Colorado, our interpretation of Part 4 of the Act is dispositive. The fact that the review process is limited to issues of legality exclusively, municipal functions are in no way impaired. Thus, the Colorado Land Use Commission cannot "interfere" with the lawful exercise of the powers of a municipality, and the statutory provisions at issue are constitutional.
[11] As to the validity of the intergovernmental agreement, it is obvious from a careful reading of that agreement that the County has surrendered none of its zoning authority. Rather, it has merely agreed to the standards which will apply in passing on whether to issue a permit for the Project. This is reasonable in light of the great expense in preparing for a project of this magnitude.
Judgment affirmed; however, we hold that the trial court's declaration of unconstitutionality of statutes at issue is disapproved.