Opinion
00 CV 1783 (ARR)
May 12, 2000
Rory Lancman, New York, NY, Attorney for Plaintiff.
Georgia Pestana, Office of the Corporation Counsel, New York, NY, Attorney for the Defendant
OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiff Modjgan Cohamm is a Queens voter and parent of children in the New York City public schools in Queens County who seeks to enjoin the method of choosing the members of the New York City Board of Education (the "Board") as violative of the Equal Protection Clause. She has moved for a preliminary injunction and the Board has filed a cross-motion to dismiss. For the reasons explained below, the Board's motion is granted and plaintiff's complaint is dismissed.
BACKGROUND
The New York City school system is composed of community school districts, each governed by an elected board. See N.Y. Educ. Law § 2590-h. When the state legislature created the community school districts in 1969, it provided for a citywide school board, the defendant Board. to oversee the system. See McKinney's 1969 Session Laws of N.Y., Vol. 1. ch. 330 [hereinafter Chapter 330], § 4 at 428, cited in Warden v. Pataki, 12 F. Supp.2d 325, 326 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) [hereinafter Warden I]. The original statute provided for two Board members appointed by the mayor and one elected by each of the five boroughs, effective in February of 1970. See Chapter 330, § 4 at 428, 13 at 457-58, cited in Warden I, 12 F. Supp.2d at 326. It also established an interim board with one member to be appointed by each borough president. See Chapter 330, § 11 at 457, cited in Warden I, 12 F. Supp.2d at 326-27. In Oliver v. Board of Educ., 306 F. Supp. 1286 (1969), the method of selecting the permanent Board was declared unconstitutional as a violation of the "one person, one vote" principle, but the interim board was upheld. See id. at 1289, 1291. In response, the state legislature initially extended the tenure of the interim board. See McKinney's 1970 Session Laws of N.Y., Vol. 1, ch. 3, § 2 at 3-4, cited in Warden 1, 12 F. Supp.2d at 327; McKinney's 1971 Session Laws of N.Y., Vol. 1, ch. 6, § 1 at 9, cited in Warden I, 12 F. Supp.2d at 327. In 1973, the legislature provided that the Board would include seven members, two selected by the mayor and one selected by each of the borough presidents. See McKinney's 1973 Session Laws of N.Y., Vol. 2, ch. 915, § 1 at 1714, cited in Warden I, 12 F. Supp.2d at 327. That provision remains in effect and is the method of selection challenged in this action.
DISCUSSION
Ms. Cohamm asserts that this arrangement violates the principle of "one person, one vote," recognized in Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 82 S.Ct. 691, 7 L.Ed.2d 663 (1962), and Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533, 84 S.Ct. 1362, 12 L.Ed.2d 506 (1964), because the populations of the boroughs are unequal, yet each is represented by a single Board member. The Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment requires that whenever popular elections to state and local bodies performing governmental functions involve multiple electoral districts, each district must elect a number of officials proportionate to its number of voters. See Hadley v. Junior College District, 397 U.S. 50, 56, 90 S.Ct. 791, 795, 25 L.Ed.2d 45 (1970). A number of courts have held, however, relying on Sailors v. Board of Educ., 387 U.S. 105, 87 S.Ct. 1549, 18 L.Ed.2d 650 (1967), that the "one person, one vote" standard does not apply to appointed bodies, such as the Board. See e.g., Burton v. Whittier Vocational Regional School District, 587 F.2d 66 (1st Cir. 1978); Rosenthal v. Board of Educ., 497 F.2d 726, 729 (2d Cir. 1974); Warden v. Pataki, 35 F. Supp.2d 354, 360 (S.D.N.Y.) [hereinafter Warden II], aff'd sub nom Chan v. Pataki, 201 F.3d 430 (2d Cir. 1999) (table); Oliver, 306 F. Supp. at 1289. Ms. Cohamm contends that Sailors, in fact, did not hold that "one person, one vote" is inapplicable to appointed boards and that the question is as yet undecided. She argues that the subsequent cases, including the Supreme Court's own decision in Hadley, misinterpreted Sailors and consequently have no precedential value.
According to U.S. Census Bureau estimates for July 1, 1999, the populations of the five counties that are the boroughs of New York City were as follows: Kings (Brooklyn): 2,268,297 Queens: 2,000.642; New York (Manhattan): 1,551,844; Bronx: 1,194,099; and Richmond (Staten Island): 413,280. See Complaint Exh. B.
Sailors involved the county school board in Kent County, Michigan. Under Michigan law, voters elected local school boards in elections that were not challenged as constitutionally infirm. See Sailors, 387 U.S. at 106, 87 S.Ct. at 1551. Each local school board chose one delegate to a biennial county meeting, and those delegates then elected a five-member county school board. See id. at 106-07, 87 S.Ct. at 1551. The plaintiffs challenged that procedure because the local school districts had varying numbers of voters, and the Supreme Court rejected their challenge. According to Ms. Cohamm's reading of Sailors, the Supreme Court drew a distinction between governmental bodies of a legislative and administrative character and decided that because the school board performed administrative functions, the "one person, one vote" principle did not apply. See Plaintiffs Mem. in Support 8. She argues that the Court passed on the question of whether legislative bodies may be appointed without regard to "one person, one vote." See id. Since Sailors expressly withheld its decision on the issue, and since every case that has faced the question since has relied on Sailors, Ms. Cohamm reasons, no court has really decided it.
This interpretation of Sailors is untenable. The distinction that the Supreme Court drew between administrative and legislative functions pertained to whether a state was permitted to fill the positions by appointment rather than by election. In framing the issue to be decided, the court said that assuming the universal application of "one person, one vote" to local elections, "we are still short of an answer to the present problem and that is whether Michigan may allow its county school boards to be appointed." Id. at 109, 87 S.Ct. at 1552. The Court concluded that administrative bodies, such as the county school board in question, may be appointed or elected. See id. at 111, 87 S.Ct. at 1553 ("At least as respects nonlegislative officers, a State can appoint local officials or elect them or combine the elective and appointive systems as was done here."). Having decided that the board could be appointed, the Court expressly stated that "one person, one vote" consequently was inapposite. See id. An accurate reading of the case reveals that it held that "one person, one vote" was inapplicable not because the board was administrative, but because the board was appointed: "Since the choice of members of the county school board did not involve an election and since none was required for these nonlegislative offices, the principle of `one man, one vote' has no relevancy." Sailors, 387 U.S. at 111, 87 S.Ct. at 1553.
The issue that the Court assumed in Sailors, that the "one person, one vote" principle would apply to elections for administrative offices as well as legislative offices, was settled in Hadley. In that case, the Court dispensed with the distinction and simply held that any election to a position that "perform[s] governmental functions" must accord with "one person, one vote." Hadley, 397 U.S. at 56, 90 S.Ct. at 795.
It is only by changing the language of the opinion that Ms. Cohamm can suggest thaf Sailors left open the possibility that appointed boards might be held to the "one person, one vote" standard. The question the Court reserved was whether a board performing legislative functions may be appointed: "We need not decide at the present time whether a State may constitute a local legislative body through the appointive rather than the elective process. . . . We do not have that question here, as the County Board of Education performs essentially administrative functions[.]" Id. at 109-110, 87 S.Ct. at 1553. In both her initial brief and her reply brief, Ms. Cohamm edits this language to support her strained reading of the case by adding a reference to the "one person, one vote" principle: "`We need not decide at the present time whether a state [sic] may constitute a local legislative body through the appointive rather than the elective process [in disregard of one person. one vote].'" See Plaintiffs Mem. in Support 7; Plaintiffs Reply Mem. 2 (both quoting Sailors, 387 U.S. at 109-110, 87 S.Ct. at 1553 (second brackets in originals)). As explained above, the question that the Supreme Court declined to address in Sailor did not involve whether `one person, one vote' applied to appointed bodies performing legislative functions, but whether such bodies were permissible in the first instance. Having decided that the school board could. as a nonlegislative body, be appointed, it explicitly held that the "one person, one vote" principle did not apply. See Sailors, 387 U.S. at 111, 87 S.Ct. at 1553. It reiterated this holding, albeit in dicta, in Hadley: "We have also held that where a State chooses to select members of an official body by appointment rather than election, and that choice does not itself offend the Constitution, the fact that each official does not `represent' the same number of people does not deny those people equal protection of the laws." Hadley, 397 U.S. at 58, 87 S.Ct. at 796.
The consistent interpretation of Sailors and Hadley over the last three decades reinforces this court's conclusion that the Supreme Court long ago established that "one person, one vote" does not come into play when officials are appointed rather than elected. A few years after Hadley, a plaintiff challenged a scheme whereby voters elected local school boards, each of which then selected two of its members as representatives to a central school board. See Rosenthal, 497 F.2d at 727. The Second Circuit recognized that the central question determining the applicability of the "one person, one vote" principle was whether the board members were appointed or elected. See id. at 729 ("But the question remains whether within its rationale, the members of the central high school board are `appointed' or `elected' officers[.]"). Concluding that the method of selection was something of a hybrid, the court remanded the case to a three-judge district court panel to make the critical determination. See id. On remand, the district court also explained that the important question was the nature of the position's selection: "The emphasis we put on popular election as the test echoes the Supreme Court's recognition that the crucial factor in the application of Fourteenth Amendment considerations to any apportionment scheme is that the officials whose election is challenged must have been elected by popular vote." Rosenthal v. Board of Educ., 385 F. Supp. 223, 226 (E.D.N.Y. 1974) (citing Hadley, 397 U.S. at 54, 90 S.Ct. at 794), aff'd 420 U.S. 985, 95 S.Ct. 1418, 43 L.Ed.2d 667 (1975). Only last year, Judge Mukasey wrote that "[t]he Zone person, one vote' principle, however, has no applicability when the governmental body at issue is appointive rather than elective." Warden II, 35 F. Supp.2d at 360 (citing Sailors and Hadley). This court reaches the same conclusion.
The plaintiffs challenge to thirty years of precedent is unsuccessful; notwithstanding plaintiffs protestations to the contrary and alterations of Sailors's language in support thereof, Sailors clearly and definitively decided the issue on which her case purports to rest.
CONCLUSION
Because the complaint states a claim relying solely on an argument rejected by the Supreme Court, it fails to state a claim. The Board's motion is therefore granted and plaintiff's complaint is dismissed.
The Clerk of the Court is directed to enter judgment accordingly.
SO ORDERED.