Opinion
12-03-2015
COMMUNITY WATERSHEDS CLEAN WATER COALITION, INC., et al., Appellants, v. NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION, Respondent.
James Bacon, New Paltz, for appellants. Eric T. Schneiderman, Attorney General, Albany (Andrew B. Ayers of counsel), for respondent.
James Bacon, New Paltz, for appellants.
Eric T. Schneiderman, Attorney General, Albany (Andrew B. Ayers of counsel), for respondent.
Before: LAHTINEN, J.P., GARRY, EGAN Jr. and CLARK, JJ.
EGAN Jr., J.Appeal from an order of the Supreme Court (Gilpatric, J.), entered September 10, 2014 in Ulster County, which granted defendant's motion to dismiss the complaint.In June 2012, nonparty XTO Energy submitted two applications to defendant for a permit to drill, deepen, plug back or convert two natural gas wells located in the Town of Sanford, Broome County. The subject wells were proposed to produce natural gas from a geological formation known as the Marcellus shale utilizing horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing—a process commonly known as hydrofracking. In order to obtain the requested permit, XTO was required to, among other things, supply defendant with a map showing the proposed spacing units—the geographical areas assigned to each well—and demonstrate that it controlled at least 60% of the mineral rights contained therein (see ECL 23–0501[2] ). The maps tendered depicted two proposed spacing units—denominated as "Cempa A" and "Dew Dec Farms A." Plaintiff Community Watersheds Clean Water Coalition, Inc. (hereinafter the Coalition) is an alliance of individuals and organizations dedicated to, among other things, protecting the water quality in this state, and plaintiff Patrice VanSlyke, who is a member of the Coalition, owns approximately 155 acres of property in a rural area of Broome County—a portion of which overlaps with the boundaries of the proposed spacing units. According to VanSlyke, she and her husband are "one of the last holdouts refusing to lease [their] property [to XTO] for oil and gas drilling," thereby potentially making them subject to a compulsory integration order (see ECL 23–0901 ).
The spacing requirements are designed to ensure, among other things, that the state's oil and gas resources are utilized in such a way as to prevent waste (see ECL 23–0301 ).
Defendant's authority to regulate the drilling of oil and gas production wells is set forth in ECL article 23 and, prior to granting a well permit under ECL 23–0501, defendant must comply with the provisions of the State Environmental Quality Review Act (ECL art. 8 [hereinafter SEQRA] ). To that end, in 2011, defendant issued a notice of proposed rulemaking and held public hearings on a proposal to revise and amend, among other things, its oil and gas regulations. During the course thereof, thousands of public comments were received, including Comment 4232 (allegedly submitted by the Coalition), which generally objected to defendant's authorization of certain specified spacing units for shale gas. Defendant responded, explained what it regarded as the flaw in the Coalition's analysis and indicated that no changes were made to the applicable section of the proposed rule as a result thereof. Defendant ultimately did not adopt the revised draft regulations to which Comment 4232 was directed and, in March 2013, a notice of expiration was published in the State Register, advising the public that the notice of proposed rulemaking had lapsed.
Thereafter, in November 2013—after the aforementioned notice had lapsed and while defendant's SEQRA review remained ongoing—plaintiffs commenced this declaratory judgment action against defendant, primarily contending that defendant's response to Comment 4232 constituted an unlawful extension of the common-law rule of capture and effectuated a trespass upon VanSlyke's property. Defendant moved to dismiss the complaint contending, among other things, that plaintiffs lacked standing and that the claims asserted were not ripe for judicial review. Supreme Court granted defendant's motion, and this appeal by plaintiffs ensued.
During the pendency of this appeal, defendant completed its SEQRA review, issued a detailed statement of findings relative to the issue of hydrofracking and concluded that "there [were] no feasible or prudent alternatives that would adequately avoid or minimize adverse environmental impacts and that address the scientific uncertainties and risks to public health from this activity"; accordingly, defendant instituted a statewide ban on hydrofracking (Findings Statement, Final Supplemental Generic Environmental Impact Statement On The Oil, Gas and Solution Mining Regulatory Program, http://w ww.dec.ny.gov/docs/materials_minerals_pdf/findingstatehvhf62015.pdf, at 42 [N.Y. State Dept. of Envtl. Conservation, accessed Nov. 16, 2015] ).
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We affirm. Assuming, without deciding, that the statewide ban on hydrofracking does not render all of plaintiffs' claims moot and, further, that plaintiffs each have standing to maintain this declaratory judgment action, Supreme Court nonetheless properly granted defendant's motion to dismiss the complaint. As this Court recently reiterated, "[i]n order to warrant a determination of the merits of a cause of action, the party requesting relief must state a justiciable claim-one that is capable of review and redress by the courts at the time it is brought for review. A claim is justiciable, in turn, when two requirements are met: first, that the plaintiff has an interest sufficient to constitute standing to maintain the action and, second, that the underlying controversy involves present, rather than hypothetical, contingent or remote, prejudice to the plaintiff" (Schulz v. Cuomo, 133 A.D.3d 945, ––––, ––– N.Y.S.3d ––––, ––– N.E.3d ––––, 2015 N.Y. Slip Op. 08020, *1–2 [2015] [internal quotation marks, brackets and citations omitted] ). Again, even assuming that plaintiffs have satisfied the standing element of this equation, the fact remains that their entire complaint is predicated upon either (1) defendant's allegedly improper response to a comment made by the Coalition regarding proposed draft regulations that ultimately were not adopted, or (2) the theoretical consequences of a well bore or fluid fracture penetrating the subsurface of VanSlyke's property.
As the notice of proposed rulemaking has lapsed, any challenge to either the proposed rules themselves or defendant's stated position with respect thereto clearly cannot be deemed to be a present controversy. Similarly, although plaintiffs raise concerns regarding the potential damage to the local water supply from either drilling or hydrofracking and VanSlyke asserts that such actions would negatively impact the insurability, marketability and/or future potential uses of her property, the claims asserted by plaintiffs all presuppose, among other things, that defendant indeed will grant XTO a drilling permit. In light of the ban on hydrofracking, XTO may well elect not to pursue its application at all; further, even if XTO goes forward and pursues a permit to undertake an alternative method of drilling, that permit may or may not be granted. Moreover, as evidenced by defendant's submissions, there are a multitude of administrative steps that must be successfully undertaken before such a permit could be granted, and the failure to achieve any one of those steps could derail the entire process. As plaintiffs' causes of action necessarily are dependent upon future events that may never come to pass, we find that their claims are entirely speculative and, hence, are not justiciable (see Matter of New York State Inspection, Sec. & Law Enforcement Empls., Dist. Council 82, AFSCME, AFL–CIO v. Cuomo, 64 N.Y.2d 233, 240, 485 N.Y.S.2d 719, 475 N.E.2d 90 [1984] ; Schulz v. Cuomo, 133 A.D.3d 945, ––– N.Y.S.3d ––––, ––– N.E.3d ––––, 2015 N.Y. Slip Op. 08020 at *2; Matter of New York Blue Line Council, Inc. v. Adirondack Park Agency, 86 A.D.3d 756, 761–762, 927 N.Y.S.2d 432 [2011], appeal dismissed 17 N.Y.3d 947, 936 N.Y.S.2d 71, 959 N.E.2d 1019 [2011], lv. denied 18 N.Y.3d 806, 2012 WL 445934 [2012] ; Saratoga County Chamber of Commerce v. Pataki, 275 A.D.2d 145, 158, 712 N.Y.S.2d 687 [2000] ). Plaintiffs' remaining arguments, to the extent that they are properly before us, have been examined and found to be lacking in merit.
ORDERED that order is affirmed, without costs.
LAHTINEN, J.P., GARRY and CLARK, JJ., concur.