Opinion
NO. 01-11-00524-CV
03-29-2012
THE CITY OF HOUSTON, Appellant v. THEODORE GWINN, Appellee
On Appeal from the 113th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 2009-63582
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Following a jury trial, Theodore Gwinn sought and obtained a money judgment against the City of Houston for damages arising from a car wreck involving one of the City's employees. The City argues in its sole issue that the trial court erred when it denied a plea to the jurisdiction invoking the election-of-remedies section of the Tort Claims Act. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code. Ann. § 101.106 (West 2011). Because the outcome is controlled by this court's recent opinion in City of Houston v. Esparza, No. 01-11-00046-CV, 2011 WL 4925990 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Oct. 7, 2011, pet. filed) (op. on rehearing), we affirm.
Background
Gwinn was driving his car one afternoon near Washington Avenue, west of downtown Houston. City employee Bill White, while operating a garbage truck, turned right at an intersection into Gwinn's lane and struck Gwinn's car. The accident left Gwinn's car "totaled." Reporting that he felt dizziness, Gwinn was transported from the scene to Ben Taub hospital, and he subsequently visited a chiropractor for multiple treatments. The Houston Police Department's accident report shows that White was given a citation for having "turned improperly—wide right."
In his original petition, Gwinn sued White for negligence and negligence per se, and in that same petition he sued the City on the theory of respondeat superior and for negligent entrustment of a motor vehicle. About two weeks before trial, Gwinn filed a notice of non-suit with prejudice as to White, thereby leaving the City as the only defendant at trial.
On the first day of trial, the City made an oral plea to the jurisdiction, asserting immunity from suit under the election-of-remedies section of the Tort Claims Act. The court orally denied the plea, and it signed an order to that effect on the second day of trial.
The jury found that the negligence of both White and Gwinn proximately caused the collision, attributing 90% of the responsibility to White and 10% to Gwinn. It further found that Gwinn had sustained a total of $9,000 in damages for physical pain and mental anguish, physical impairment, and medical expenses. The trial court entered a final judgment in favor of Gwinn against the City for $8,100, plus interest and court costs. The City appeals.
Analysis
In its sole issue, the City argues that the trial court erred in denying its plea to the jurisdiction because when Gwinn simultaneously filed suit against both the City and White, Gwinn triggered the City's immunity from suit under section 101.106(b) of the Texas Tort Claims Act. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE. ANN. § 101.106(b). The Act's election-of-remedies provision provides, in relevant part,
(b) The filing of a suit against any employee of a governmental unit constitutes an irrevocable election by the plaintiff and immediately and forever bars any suit or recovery by the plaintiff against the governmental unit regarding the same subject matter unless the governmental unit consents.TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.106(b), (e). Gwinn argues that this court addressed and rejected the same argument in Esparza. See City of Houston v. Esparza, No. 01-11-00046-CV, 2011 WL 4925990, at *10 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Oct. 7, 2011, pet. filed) (op. on rehearing).
(e) If a suit is filed under this chapter against both a governmental unit and any of its employees, the employees shall immediately be dismissed on the filing of a motion by the governmental unit.
Governmental immunity from suit defeats a trial court's subject matter jurisdiction and is properly asserted in a plea to the jurisdiction. See Tex. Dep't of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 225-26 (Tex. 2004); Tex. Dep't of Transp. v. Jones, 8 S.W.3d 636, 638 (Tex. 1999). We review de novo a trial court's ruling on a jurisdictional plea. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226.
In Esparza, the plaintiff sued the City and its employee, alleging that the employee injured her while driving negligently. Esparza, 2011 WL 4925990 at *1. The City moved to dismiss Esparza's claims against its employee pursuant to section 101.106(e). Id. It also filed a plea to the jurisdiction, asserting that Esparza's claims against the City were barred by section 101.106(b). Id. The trial court granted the motion to dismiss the employee, but it denied the City's plea to the jurisdiction. Id.
On appeal, this court examined the effect of subsection (b), which allows a plaintiff to prosecute a claim against a governmental unit when the governmental unit "consents" to the suit. Id. at *7. The plaintiff obtains "consent," as that term is used in the statute, when it satisfies the Tort Claims Act's jurisdictional requirements. Id. Section 101.106 establishes as a jurisdictional requirement that the plaintiff must elect to sue either the governmental unit or its employee. Id. at *10. "When a claimant fails to elect between defendants and instead sues both, subsection (e) forces an election upon the claimant: the governmental unit is the proper defendant and the employee must be dismissed." Id. at *4. This court concluded:
By operation of subsection (e), Esparza's filing of suit and the City's motion to dismiss [the employee] resulted in a forced election: whether she intended to or not, Esparza elected to pursue her claims against the City rather than [the employee] . . . . But, so long as she has otherwise complied with the jurisdictional requisites of the Tort Claims Act, subsection (b) does not bar Esparza from pursuing her claims against the City, her elected defendant.Id. at *10 (footnote omitted). This court thus affirmed the trial court's order denying the City's plea to the jurisdiction. Id.
The procedural posture of Esparza differs from the present case only insofar as the City in Esparza obtained a favorable ruling on its motion under subsection (e) to dismiss its employee. See id. at *1. In this case, by contrast, Gwinn non-suited White, and the City never moved to dismiss its employee. This procedural distinction makes no difference to the outcome because a claimant satisfies the provision by electing—voluntarily or involuntarily—whether he will prosecute his claims against the governmental unit or its employee. See id. at *10. As reflected by numerous cases decided by this court since Esparza, a plaintiff's voluntary dismissal of claims against a government employee does not alter the jurisdictional analysis. See, e.g., Metro. Transit Authority v. Light, No. 01-11-00747-CV, 2012 WL 252187 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Jan. 26, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.); Metro. Transit Auth. of Harris Cnty. v. Baltazar, No. 01-11-00641-CV, 2012 WL 252153 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Jan. 26, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.). The forced election under section 101.106(e) occurs at the time suit is filed against both the governmental unit and its employee. See, e.g., City of Houston v. Tsaig, No. 01-11-00432-CV, 2012 WL 170606, at *3 (Tex. App.— Houston [1st Dist.] Jan. 19, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.); City of Houston v. Marquez, No. 01-11-00493-CV, 2011 WL 6147772, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 8, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.). Following this court's reasoning in Esparza, we hold that because Gwinn has otherwise complied with the jurisdictional requisites of the Tort Claims Act, he was not barred by Section 101.106 from pursuing his claim against the City, his elected defendant. See Esparza, 2011 WL 4925990 at *10.
We overrule the City's sole issue.
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Michael Massengale
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Massengale, and Huddle.