Opinion
Docket No. 78-1524.
Decided July 10, 1979.
Menmuir, Zimmerman, Rollert Kuhn, for plaintiff.
Robb, Dettmer Phillips, P.C., for defendant.
Before: D.E. HOLBROOK, JR., P.J., and R.B. BURNS and M.J. KELLY, JJ.
Defendants appeal from an April 6, 1978, declaratory judgment for plaintiff-insurer holding the limits of liability under the uninsured motorist provisions of the policy between the parties to be $20,000 for one person and $40,000 for two or more persons in any one accident, as stated on the face of the policy.
On July 27, 1975, defendants were hit head-on by a negligent uninsured motorist. Lillian Tunney was fatally injured, Raymond Tunney sustained severe personal injuries, and his daughter, Patrice Tunney, was also seriously injured.
At the time of the collision, Raymond and Lillian Tunney owned two automobiles, both insured by plaintiff under one policy that named Raymond and Lillian Tunney as the insureds. They were driving one of these automobiles at the time of the accident. The Tunneys paid separate premiums of $.75 for uninsured motorist coverage of $20,000 per person, $40,000 maximum per accident for each automobile. Defendants contend that, as the policy covers two automobiles for which separate uninsured motorist coverage premiums were paid, they are entitled to double the limits of the policy and should recover $40,000 per person, to a maximum of $80,000 per accident.
The introductory language found on page 1, and preceding all other sections of the policy states:
"CITIZENS MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY of Howell, Michigan (Herein called the Company)
"In consideration of the payment of the premium, in reliance upon the statements in the Declarations made a part hereof, and subject to the limits of liability, the exclusions, the conditions and other terms of this policy, does hereby agree with the named Assured:" Page 12, paragraph 7, of the policy contains the following language:
"7. Insurance on Two or More Automobiles.
"When two or more automobiles are insured hereunder, the terms of this policy shall apply separately to each, but an automobile and an attached trailer shall be deemed to be one automobile as respects the limits of liability under Section Two and separate automobiles under Section One, including any deductible provisions applicable thereto.
"Neither the inclusion herein of more than one Assured nor the application of the policy to more than one automobile shall operate to increase the limit of liability stated in the policy (or in the Declarations) for any coverage."
Before the enactment of the Michigan no-fault act, MCL 500.3101 et seq.; MSA 24.13101 et seq., and the repeal of the uninsured motorist statute, formerly MCL 500.3010; MSA 24.13010, Michigan law allowed "stacking" of uninsured motorist coverage provided by separate policies despite language in the policies limiting recovery in cases where "other insurance" was available. Blakeslee v Farm Bureau Mutual Ins Co, 388 Mich. 464; 201 N.W.2d 786 (1972), Rowland v Detroit Automobile Inter-Insurance Exchange, 388 Mich. 476; 201 N.W.2d 792 (1972), Boettner v State Farm Mutual Ins Co, 388 Mich. 482; 201 N.W.2d 795 (1972). The rationale underlying these holdings was that, since the uninsured motorist statute required insurance companies to offer their customers uninsured motorist coverage, it was against the public policy of the state to allow an "other insurance" clause to defeat "stacked" recovery. These requirements, however, no longer exist; accordingly, the public policy of the state is no longer served by invariably allowing a stacked recovery. Insurance contracts are, therefore, to be interpreted according to well-known rules of construction.
This Court held in Kozak v Detroit Automobile Inter-Insurance Exchange, 79 Mich. App. 777; 262 N.W.2d 904 (1977), that an insurer's liability under a policy containing an "other insurance" clause is limited to the amount stated on the face of the policy. When an insurer issues multiple insurance policies, each providing uninsured motorist coverage and containing an "other insurance" clause, the insured party can recover only the maximum amount that he is limited to by the "other insurance" clause. In the absence of ambiguities, the rights of the parties rest on the insurance contract as written.
Defendants contend that the above quoted language from page 12, paragraph 7, of the policy creates an ambiguity in that it first states that the terms of the policy shall apply separately to each automobile insured under the policy, arguably setting up a stacking situation, and then adds that the inclusion of more than one automobile in the policy shall not operate to increase the stated limits of liability. If an ambiguity does exist, the policy must be liberally construed in favor of the insured and against the insurer who drafted the policy. Dittus v Geyman, 68 Mich. App. 433; 242 N.W.2d 800 (1976), Weaver v Michigan Mutual Liability Co, 32 Mich. App. 605; 189 N.W.2d 116 (1971).
We do not find that the cited language creates an ambiguity. It has often been noted in cases from other jurisdictions that language stating that the terms of a policy shall apply separately to each insured vehicle simply makes the policy applicable to whichever automobile is involved in an accident. Allstate Ins Co v Mole, 414 F.2d 204 (CA 5, 1969), Yates v Interinsurance Exchange of Automobile Club of Southern California, 275 Cal.App.2d 301; 79 Cal.Rptr. 604 (1969), Otto v Allstate Ins Co, 2 Ill. App.3d 58; 275 N.E.2d 766 (1971), Pacific Indemnity Co v Thompson, 56 Wn.2d 715; 355 P.2d 12 (1960). See also 37 ALR3d 1263. When the stated limits of liability are exact and when the policy clearly indicates that the inclusion of more than one automobile does not affect those limits, the language does not appear to us to create an ambiguity.
Some cases have held that similar language does create an ambiguity. See, e.g., Government Employees Ins Co v Sweet, 186 So.2d 95 (Fla App, 1966). These cases usually involve special forms of insurance, such as medical payment insurance, and they are distinguishable on this ground. See Allstate Ins Co v Mole, supra, Otto v Allstate Ins Co, supra.
Finally, defendant (at oral argument) averred that, because two separate premiums for uninsured motorist coverage were paid, a situation was created where he expected to receive double recovery. This argument proceeds on the premise that, if the premium for uninsured motorist coverage on the second car is less than that for the first, it represents consideration only for the insurer's increased risk of exposure, and, as such, there has been no double payment warranting double recovery. From this premise, it follows that, if the premium for the second car is equal to that of the first, as in the instant case, the insured has paid twice for uninsured motorist coverage, and a double recovery is justified.
See, Ringenberger v General Accident Fire Life Assurance Co, 214 So.2d 376 (Fla App, 1968), Otto v Allstate Ins Co, supra.
Although this type of argument has proven persuasive in other jurisdictions, Sturdy v Allied Mutual Ins Co, 203 Kan. 783; 457 P.2d 34 (1969), Rosson v Allied Mutual Ins Co, 203 Kan. 795; 457 P.2d 42 (1969), we do not find the fact that defendants' separate premiums are stated in equal amounts to be determinative. Neither are we prepared to decide the question solely on defendant's claimed expectation. Here, the lower court decided this issue on the language of the contract. There have been no proofs offering or establishing the underwriting predicate for the second premium. In the absence of proof of double payment warranting double recovery, we will not override the unambiguous contract language limiting the insurer's liability and permit "stacking".
Our decision to affirm the trial court, however, should not be construed as a complete bar to the stacking of insurance coverage. We hold only that, in the absence of proof of double payment warranting double coverage, we will not ignore the clear impact of this insurance contract "separability" clause, and leave to future cases, with adequate records, the question of double recovery under the no-fault act.
The trial court was correct in holding the limits of liability to be the amounts stated in the policy.
Affirmed.