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distinguishing Concerned Parents and other similar cases on similar grounds
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No. C-06-1887 MMC.
February 27, 2007
ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS' MOTION TO DISMISS; VACATING HEARING (Docket No. 44)
Before the Court is the motion filed October 4, 2006 by defendants City and County of San Francisco, Gavin Newsom in his capacity as the Mayor of the City and County of San Francisco, Carl Friedman in his capacity as director of San Francisco Animal Care and Control, and San Francisco Animal and Control, seeking dismissal of the instant action for lack of standing and failure to state a claim, pursuant to Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Plaintiff Coalition of Human Advocates for K9's Owners ("CHAKO") has filed opposition to the motion; defendants have filed a reply. Having considered the papers filed in support of and in opposition to the motion, the Court finds the matter appropriate for decision without oral argument, see Civil L.R. 7-1(b), VACATES the March 2, 2007 hearing, and rules as follows.
The hearing date on the instant motion was continued twice, the first time at plaintiff's request, and the second time pursuant to the parties' stipulation.
BACKGROUND
The instant action challenges the legality of San Francisco Ordinance No. 268-05 ("Ordinance"), which added sections to the San Francisco Health Code prohibiting the ownership of unsterilized pit bulls, subject to certain exceptions, but with no exception for pit bull service dogs. See First Amended Complaint ("FAC") ¶¶ 18-19 (citing San Francisco Health Code §§ 43-44.7); see also Defendants' Request for Judicial Notice ("RJN") Ex. D (Ordinance). In particular, San Francisco Health Code § 43.1 provides: "No person may own, keep, or harbor any dog within the City and County of San Francisco that the person in possession knew, or should have known, was a pit bull that has not been spayed or neutered," subject to certain exceptions. See San Francisco Health Code § 43.1. The itemized exceptions are: (1) the pit bull is under eight weeks of age; (2) the pit bull cannot be spayed or neutered without a high likelihood of suffering serious bodily harm or death due to a physical abnormality; (3) the pit bull has been present in San Francisco for a period of less than thirty days; (4) the owner of the pit bull has submitted an application for a breeding permit; (5) the owner has appealed the City's determination that the dog is a pit bull; or (6) the pit bull is a registered show dog. See id.Plaintiff contends the Ordinance violates the following federal and state statutes: (1) Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 12131 et seq., (2) § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. §§ 794 et seq., (3) California Government Code § 11135, (4) California Civil Code § 51 ("Unruh Act"), (5) California Civil Code § 54 ("Disabled Persons Act"), and (6) California Food and Agriculture Code § 31683. (See SAC ¶¶ 27-67, 100-105.) Plaintiffs further allege the Ordinance is unconstitutional under the state and federal constitutions on the grounds that it (1) violates Article 1 § 1 of the California Constitution by unlawfully depriving Californians of their property interest in "intact dogs" obtained prior to the implementation of the Ordinance; (2) is impermissibly vague in violation of the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution; (3) bears no rational relationship to a legitimate government interest and thus violates the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment; and (4) adversely affects interstate commerce in violation of the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution. (See id. ¶¶ 68-99.)
LEGAL STANDARD
A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) cannot be granted unless "it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief." See Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 (1957). Dismissal can be based on the lack of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory. See Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dept., 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990).
Generally, a district court, in ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, may not consider any material beyond the pleadings. See Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner And Co., Inc., 896 F.2d 1542, 1555 n. 19 (9th Cir. 1990). Material that is properly submitted as part of the complaint, however, may be considered.See id. Documents whose contents are alleged in the complaint, and whose authenticity no party questions, but which are not physically attached to the pleading, also may be considered. See Branch v. Tunnell, 14 F.3d 449, 454 (9th Cir. 1994). In addition, the Court may consider any document "the authenticity of which is not contested, and upon which the plaintiff's complaint necessarily relies," regardless of whether the document is referred to in the complaint. See Parrino v. FHP, Inc., 146 F.3d 699, 706 (9th Cir. 1998). Finally, the Court may consider matters that are subject to judicial notice. See Mack v. South Bay Beer Distributors, Inc., 798 F.2d 1279, 1282 (9th Cir. 1986).
In analyzing a motion to dismiss, the Court must accept as true all material allegations in the complaint, and construe them in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. See NL Industries, Inc. v. Kaplan, 792 F.2d 896, 898 (9th Cir. 1986). The Court may disregard factual allegations if such allegations are contradicted by the facts established by reference to exhibits attached to the complaint. See Durning v. First Boston Corp., 815 F.2d 1265, 1267 (9th Cir. 1987). Conclusory allegations, unsupported by the facts alleged, need not be accepted as true. See Holden v. Hagopian, 978 F.2d 1115, 1121 (9th Cir. 1992). Courts are not required to "assume the truth of legal conclusions merely because they are cast in the form of factual allegations." See Warren v. Fox Family Worldwide, Inc., 328 F.3d 1136, 1139 (9th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation and citation omitted).
DISCUSSION
A. Disability Claims
Defendants move to dismiss the first five causes of action ("Disability Claims") for lack of standing and failure to state a claim.
In support of the Disability Claims, plaintiff alleges the Ordinance violates various federal and state disability discrimination laws because the Ordinance discriminates against "persons with disabilities who own and/or train service dogs or guide dogs" by failing to exempt their dogs from the requirements of the Ordinance. (See, e.g., Compl. ¶ 30.) According to plaintiff, "[m]any service dogs, particularly but not exclusively male mobility assistance dogs such as those required to pull manual wheelchairs, should remain intact until after physical maturity, which can be as late as 3 or 4 years, depending on the breed, in order to allow the dog to safely and effectively fulfill its duties"; "[d]ogs that are neutered prior to physical maturity, especially as young as 8 weeks, could be unable to act as mobility assistance dogs." (See id. ¶ 32.) According to plaintiff, the enactment of the Ordinance unlawfully restricts (1) "the ability of persons with disabilities to train and/or own service dogs suitable to the tasks needed," (2) "the ability of persons with disabilities who own intact service dogs from moving to San Francisco with their service dogs," (3) "the ability of a person with a disability [to] choos[e] the breed of dog best suited to perform the tasks needed," and (4) "the ability of a person with a disability from enjoying the full and equal privileges and benefits of citizenship in San Francisco" because disabled persons who comply with the Ordinance are "without the assistance of their service dog while the service dog is recuperating from its sterilization procedure." (See id. ¶ 45.)
Thus, as defendants observe, plaintiff's Disability Claims "are based on the theory that people with disabilities have a statutory right to use unsterilized pit bulls between the ages of eight weeks and four years, as opposed to some other breed of dog, or as opposed to a pit bull that has been sterilized." (See Motion at 9:9-10.)
1. Standing
Defendants' first argument in support of dismissal of the Disability Claims is that plaintiff has failed to adequately allege standing. As defendants note, the burden is on plaintiff "clearly to allege facts demonstrating that [it] is a proper party to invoke judicial resolution of the dispute." See United States v. Hays, 515 U.S. 737, 743 (1995) (internal quotations and citations omitted).
An association, such as plaintiff, "has standing to bring suit on behalf of its members when: (a) its members would otherwise have standing to sue in their own right; (b) the interests it seeks to protect are germane to the organization's purpose; and (c) neither the claim asserted nor the relief requested requires the participation of individual members in the lawsuit." See Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission, 432 U.S. at 343. The first two elements are constitutionally required, while the third element is merely prudential in nature. See United Food and Commercial Workers Union Local 751 v. Brown Group, Inc., 517 U.S. 544, 555-56 (1996).
"The association must allege that its members, or any one of them, are suffering immediate or threatened injury as a result of the challenged action[.]" See Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission, 432 U.S. 333, 342 (1977) (internal citation and quotation omitted).
Defendants contend plaintiff has failed to adequately plead the first and third elements of the above-referenced test.
The Court granted defendants' prior motion to dismiss the Disability Claims for failure to adequately plead standing, with leave to amend. (See Order Granting Defendants' Motion to Dismiss, filed August 16, 2006, ¶ 1.)
a. First Element
A CHAKO member has standing to sue in his own right if (1) he has suffered an "injury in fact" that is "concrete and particularized," and "actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical", (2) the injury is traceable to the challenged action of the defendant and not the result of the independent action of a third party not before the Court, and (3) it is likely that the injury will be redressed by a favorable decision. See Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992) (internal quotations and citations omitted).
Plaintiff alleges it "is a not-for-profit, unincorporated association doing business in California, and has active members that are residents of the State of California," including "owners of bull and terrier breeds (commonly referred to as 'Pit Bulls'), . . . [and] persons with disabilities who own Pit Bull service dogs both in California and in other States, as well as in San Francisco[.]" (See FAC ¶ 5.) Plaintiff further alleges it "has at least one member living in San Francisco, who is a 'qualified individual with a disability,' and who requires and/or has the assistance of an already-sterilized 'Pit Bull' service dog for mobility, for assistance in leaving the home, to go about a daily routine of grocery shopping, attending appointments, socializing outside the home, and generally those same activities, benefits, and privileges enjoyed by non-disabled persons." (See id. ¶ 35.) As defendants observe, such allegations are insufficient to allege standing, as persons who own or require "already-sterilized" pit bulls are unaffected by the Ordinance.
Plaintiff further alleges, however, that it "has at least one member living in San Francisco, who is a 'qualified individual with a disability,' and who requires and/or has the assistance of an intact service dog that, although not a 'Pit Bull,' could be and is reasonably likely to be confused or mistaken as either a 'Pit Bull' or 'Pit Bull'-mix subject to the ambit of the . . . Ordinance[.]" (See id. ¶ 36.) This allegation suffices to establish that at least one of CHAKO's members has suffered injury-in-fact sufficient to challenge the Ordinance; plaintiff has adequately alleged that at least one of its disabled members is threatened with injury by the Ordinance because he lives in San Francisco, has an intact service dog that is likely to be found subject to the Ordinance, and spaying or neutering the dog would result in a period of recovery during which "the dog should be kept inactive and not perform its working functions." (See id. ¶¶ 34, 36); see also Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 511 (1975) (holding "association must allege that its members, or any one of them, are suffering immediate or threatened injury as a result of the challenged action of the sort that would make out a justiciable case had the members themselves brought suit") (emphasis added); Arizona Right to Life Political Action Committee v. Bayless, 320 F.3d 1002, 1006 (9th Cir. 2003) (holding injury-in-fact requirement satisfied where plaintiff has "a realistic danger of sustaining a direct injury as a result of the statute's operation or enforcement"; noting plaintiff "does not have to await the consummation of threatened injury to obtain preventive relief").
The Ordinance defines the term "pit bull" to include "any dog that is an American Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, or any dog displaying the physical traits of any one or more of the above breeds, or any dog displaying those distinguishing characteristics that conform to the standards established by the American Kennel Club ('AKC') or United Kennel Club ('UKC') for any of the above breeds." See San Francisco Health Code § 43(a) (emphasis added).
As discussed infra, however, there is no allegation as to the age or sex of said member's dog and, consequently, to the extent plaintiff additionally seeks to base its Disability Claims on the adverse effect of neutering dogs of a certain age, plaintiff lacks standing to do so.
Plaintiff further alleges that "[a]t least one of Plaintiff's disabled member's 'Pit Bull' service dog has reached an age where it is no longer able to effectively perform its working functions"; if that person "elects to obtain a younger, intact 'Pit Bull' service dog, which Plaintiff's disabled member wants to do and which Plaintiff contends is its disabled members' right to do under the ADA, Plaintiff's disabled members will be forced to either violate the . . . Ordinance or comply with the . . . Ordinance and risk being without the assistance of their 'Pit Bull' service dog for a period as long as 10 days or risk the death of the service dog." (See id. ¶ 37.) Although there is no allegation that the above-referenced CHAKO member resides in San Francisco, plaintiff identifies that person as Turanesha Berry ("Berry"), and Berry attests that she resides in San Francisco. (See RJN Ex. F (Berry Decl.) ¶ 2.) With that clarification, plaintiff has adequately alleged that at least one of its disabled members, Berry, is threatened with injury by the Ordinance because she lives in San Francisco, wishes to obtain an intact pit bull service dog, and cannot do so without violating the Ordinance. (See id. ¶ 37); see also Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. at 511; Arizona Right to Life Political Action Committee v. Bayless, 320 F.3d at 1006.
Accordingly, CHAKO has established the first element of the test for associational standing.
There is no argument that any injury suffered by CHAKO's members is not traceable to actions of the defendants or that it is not likely that such injury will be redressed by a favorable decision. See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561.
b. Second Element
As noted, defendants do not argue that CHAKO has failed to adequately allege the second element of the test for associational standing.
c. Third Element
Defendants further argue that plaintiffs have not adequately demonstrated the third element of the test for associational standing, specifically, that "neither the claim asserted nor the relief requested requires the participation of individual members in the lawsuit." See Hunt, 432 U.S. at 343. Defendants contend that adjudicating the Disability Claims would necessitate a fact-intensive individualized inquiry because "whether an individual with a disability has the statutory right to an unsterilized pit bull between the ages of eight weeks and four years will depend on the nature of her mobility restriction, the type of assistance she needs from her service animal, whether sterilization will interfere with the ability of her pit bull to perform specific services, and, most significantly, whether there is a reasonable alternative to the use of an unsterilized pit bull given the particular member's individual needs." (See Motion at 13:17-22.)
Defendants fail to demonstrate, however, why such an individualized inquiry is necessary, as a matter of law, to adjudicate plaintiffs' claims for injunctive relief. The Supreme Court has recognized that "whether an association has standing to invoke the court's remedial powers on behalf of its members depends in substantial measure on the nature of the relief sought." See Warth, 422 U.S. at 515. Where an "association seeks a declaration, injunction, or some other form of prospective relief, it can reasonably be supposed that the remedy, if granted, would inure to the benefit of those members of the association actually injured." See id. Where an association seeks damages on behalf of its members, however, the damages claims may not be common to the entire membership, or shared equally by all members and, thus, "both the fact and extent of injury [may] require individualized proof." See id. at 515-16. Thus, "'individual participation' is not normally necessary when an association seeks prospective or injunctive relief for its members" but is "required in an action for damages to an association's members." See United Food, 517 U.S. at 546. Here, plaintiffs do not assert any claims for damages.
Defendants concede they are "aware of no Ninth Circuit decision involving injunctive relief that has explored the level of 'individualized inquiry' that would require denial of associational standing," and acknowledge that "[i]n three cases, the Ninth Circuit allowed associational standing in large part because the association was seeking injunctive relief (and not damages) on behalf of its individual members[.]" (See Motion at 13 n. 8 (citing Columbia Basin Apartment Association v. City of Pasco, 268 F.3d 791, 799 (9th Cir. 2001) (holding, in suit for injunctive and declaratory relief challenging constitutionality of city ordinance, third prong of test for associational standing satisfied because such "forms of relief do not require individualized proof"); Associated General Contractors of California, Inc. v. Coalition for Economic Equity, 950 F.2d 1401, 1408 (9th Cir. 1991) (holding association's suit for declaratory and injunctive relief challenging constitutionality of city ordinance did not require individualized proof by association's members); and Alaska Fish and Wildlife Federation and Outdoor Council, Inc. v. Dunkle, 829 F.2d 933, 937-38 (9th Cir. 1987) (holding third prong of test for associational standing satisfied in suit challenging legality of "cooperative agreements" relating to the hunting of migratory birds because, in light of association's request for "declaratory and prospective relief rather than money damages, its members need not participate directly in the litigation")).
Defendants rely instead on out-of-circuit cases, and, in particular, Pharmaceutical Care Management Association v. Rowe, 429 F.3d 294 (1st Cir. 2005). In Rowe, the plaintiff association sought an injunction precluding enforcement of a statute on the ground that it "violate[d] the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment because it condition[ed] doing business in Maine upon the forced disclosure or taking of proprietary information." See id. at 299. The First Circuit found the association lacked standing to assert such claim on behalf of its members because there "appear[ed] to be considerable variation in each member company's particular circumstances" as to "whether a member already disclose[d] the information in question." See id. at 314. As defendants note, several out-of-circuit district court cases also have found a lack of associational standing where the associations therein sought injunctive relief in order to make various programs and facilities accessible to their disabled members. See Association for Disabled Americans, Inc. v. Concorde Gaming Corp., 158 F. Supp. 2d 1353, 1363-64 (S.D. Fla. 2001) (citing Concerned Parents to Save Dreher Park Center v. City of West Palm Beach, 884 F. Supp. 487, 488 (S.D. Fla. 1994)); Concerned Parents, 884 F. Supp. at 488-89 (holding "any finding of an ADA violation requires proof as to each individual claimant" and "the relief afforded to each claimant would require an individualized assessment of what measures the City must take in order to comply with the ADA on a case-by-case basis").
Such cases, however, are not controlling authority in the Ninth Circuit, and, in any event, are distinguishable. In each of those cases, the very existence of an injury on the part of any individual member of the association at issue therein could not be determined without resort to individualized proof. Here, by contrast, there is at least one injury caused by the Ordinance that is common to all disabled persons who have or wish to obtain an intact pit bull service dog. In particular, such persons cannot keep, or obtain and keep, an intact pit bull service dog without violating the Ordinance. (See FAC ¶¶ 32, 34.)
Indeed, the Ninth Circuit's decisions can be read as applying a blanket rule that "injunctive and declaratory relief . . . do not require individualized proof." See, e.g., Columbia Basin, 268 F.3d at 799; see also Associated General Contractors v. Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, 159 F.3d 1178, 1181 (9th Cir. 1998) ("Individualized proof from the members is not needed where, as here, declaratory and injunctive relief is sought rather than monetary damages.").
Accordingly, the Court finds defendants have not demonstrated CHAKO has failed to satisfy the third prong of the test for associational standing.
d. Conclusion
Accordingly, defendants' motion to dismiss the Disability Claims for lack of standing will be denied.
2. Failure to State a Claim
With respect to the merits of the Disability Claims, the parties agree that the standard for determining whether the Ordinance unlawfully discriminates against disabled persons is identical under each of the five statutes at issue, and have chosen to analyze the Disability Claims by reference to decisions interpreting the ADA.
Under the ADA, "no qualified individual with a disability shall, by reason of such disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of the services, programs, or activities of a public entity, or be subjected to discrimination by any such entity." See 42 U.S.C. § 12132. InCrowder v. Kitagawa, 81 F.3d 1480 (9th Cir. 1996), a class of visually-impaired persons who used guide dogs sought exemption from Hawaii's imposition of a 120-day quarantine on carnivorous animals entering the state, arguing that quarantine of their guide dogs violated the ADA. See id. at 1481. Hawaii law permitted disabled persons seeking to bring a guide dog into the state to stay free of charge in an apartment or cottage at the quarantine station for the duration of the 120-day quarantine period. See id. at 1482. Hawaii also permitted the quarantined guide dog, after an initial 10-day observation period, to train with its owner on the quarantine station grounds, and to train off the station grounds for up to four hours a day, three days per week, if accompanied by a department inspector and subject to the restriction that the dog not have any contact with other animals or humans. See id.
In Crowder, the defendants argued there was no violation of the ADA because the quarantine was a public health measure rather than a service or benefit furnished by the state. See id. at 1483. The Ninth Circuit rejected the defendants' argument, observing that "Congress intended to prohibit outright discrimination, as well as those forms of discrimination which deny disabled persons public services disproportionately due to their disability." See id. The Court further held:
Although Hawaii's quarantine requirement applies equally to all persons entering the state with a dog, its enforcement burdens visually-impaired persons in a manner different and greater than it burdens others. Because of the unique dependence upon guide dogs among many of the visually-impaired, Hawaii's quarantine effectively denies these persons — the plaintiffs in this case — meaningful access to state services, programs, and activities while such services, programs, and activities remain open and easily accessible by others. The quarantine, therefore, discriminates against the plaintiffs by reason of their disability.See id. at 1484.
Where a state policy discriminates against the disabled in violation of the ADA, Department of Justice regulations require "reasonable modifications . . . when the modifications are necessary to avoid discrimination on the basis of disability, unless the public entity can demonstrate that making the modifications would fundamentally alter the nature of the service, program, or activity." See 28 C.F.R. § 35.130(b)(7). The Ninth Circuit held, in Crowder, that "what constitutes reasonable modification is highly fact-specific, requiring case-by-case inquiry," and remanded the action to the district court "for determination of the factual dispute whether the plaintiffs' proposed modifications to Hawaii's quarantine [were] reasonable under the ADA." See id. at 1486.
Here, defendants argue, the Disability Claims fail to state a claim because plaintiff fails to allege that disabled persons could not enjoy access to San Francisco's services and activities through the use of a service animal other than an intact pit bull service dog. To the extent the Ordinance bars disabled persons from acquiring and thereafter keeping intact pit bull service dogs, defendants' argument is persuasive, as plaintiff does not allege that intact pit bull service dogs provide services that cannot be duplicated with another type of service animal. Consequently, plaintiff has not stated a claim that a disabled person's inability to obtain an intact pit bull service dog "effectively denies" such persons "meaningful access to state services, programs, and activities while such services, programs, and activities remain open and easily accessible by others." See Crowder, 81 F.3d at 1484.
The analysis is different with respect to disabled persons who already own an intact pit bull service dog. Plaintiff alleges that "[d]ogs that are neutered prior to physical maturity, especially as young as 8 weeks, could be unable to act as mobility assistance dogs." (See FAC ¶ 32.) With respect to disabled persons who currently use an intact pit bull service dog for mobility assistance, the Ordinance, as alleged, could impair the dog's effectiveness for such purposes, and, thus, "effectively den[y]" such persons "meaningful access to state services, programs, and activities" in violation of the ADA. See Crowder, 81 F.3d at 1484. As defendants point out, however, there is no allegation that any of plaintiff's members owns an intact pit bull service dog between the age of eight weeks and four years that is used for mobility assistance. Accordingly, to the extent plaintiff's Disability Claims are based on the impaired utility of service dogs of such age, the claims are subject to dismissal for lack of standing.
Plaintiff further alleges, however, that "the recovery time for a dog, following sterilization, can be as long as ten days," and that "[d]uring that time, the dog should be kept inactive and not perform its working functions, including many working functions that assist disabled persons." (See FAC ¶ 34.) Reading such allegations in the light most favorable to plaintiff, as the Court must do in ruling on a motion to dismiss, see N.L. Industries, Inc. v. Kaplan, 792 F.2d at 898, the Court finds plaintiff, in effect, has pleaded that any disabled person who is required to spay or neuter his/her intact service dog may be deprived of that dog's assistance for a period of up to 10 days.
Defendants argue that the ADA does not prohibit isolated, temporary denials of access. The only authority defendants cite for this proposition, however, is a regulation requiring public entities to "maintain in operable working condition those features of facilities that are required to be readily accessible to and usable by persons with disabilities" and further providing that "isolated or temporary interruptions in service due to maintenance or repairs" are not prohibited. See 28 C.F.R. § 35.133(b). Defendants concede such regulation was unlikely to have been drafted with the "maintenance or repair" of pit bulls in mind. Moreover, Crowder itself involved a temporary deprivation of access, i.e., the 120-day quarantine at issue therein, and the Ninth Circuit expressed no concern that the ADA did not apply to such temporary deprivations. Although the 120-day quarantine period at issue in Crowder is longer than the maximum 10-day recovery period alleged in the instant action, the Ninth Circuit, in Crowder, also expressed concerns about deprivations lasting only a few days. See Crowder, 81 F.3d at 1484-85. In particular, the Ninth Circuit found that "[d]uring the four days of each week of the quarantine period when guide dogs must remain in the quarantine station," the denial of meaningful access "is particularly acute" and observed that "[i]t is no response to assert that the visually-impaired, like anyone else, can leave their dogs in quarantine and enjoy the public services they desire." See id.; see also Heather K. v. City of Mallard, Iowa, 946 F. Supp. 1373, 1386-87, 1389 (N.D. Iowa 1996) (finding triable issue under ADA as to whether ordinance permitting backyard burning of yard waste 18 days per year violated rights of person with respiratory problems). Accordingly, the Court finds the fact that disabled persons who are required to spay or neuter their pit bull service dogs may be deprived of the assistance of their service animals only for a one-time period of ten days does not bring their claim outside the scope of the ADA.
In sum, defendants' motion to dismiss the Disability Claims will be granted to the extent plaintiff contends the Ordinance discriminates against disabled persons by preventing them from acquiring and thereafter keeping intact pit bull service dogs or by impairing the utility of pre-existing pit bull service dogs used for mobility assistance. The motion will be denied to the extent plaintiff alleges the Ordinance discriminates against disabled persons who currently own intact pit bull service dogs, by depriving such persons of the use of their service dogs while the dog recovers from sterilization surgery. B. Article I, § 1, of the California Constitution
Defendants additionally argue, in a footnote, that one of the Disability Claims, plaintiff's cause of action for violation of the Unruh Act, is subject to dismissal because public entities are not "business establishments" within the meaning of the Unruh Act, but contend the Court need not reach the issue because the Disability Claims are subject to dismissal for lack of standing and failure to state a claim. (See Motion at 18 n. 11.) In light of the brevity of the parties' briefing on this issue, the Court does not address it herein.
Defendants next move to dismiss plaintiff's sixth cause of action, by which plaintiff claims the Ordinance violates Article I, § 1, of the California Constitution, which sets forth, inter alia, the "inalienable rights" of "acquiring, possessing, and protecting property." See Cal. Const. Art. I, § 1. Plaintiff alleges the Ordinance violates Article I, § 1, by "mandating the sterilization of dogs on a breed-specific basis, without exempting service dogs or dogs that were purchased, transferred, or acquired prior to the ordinance's implementation, therein depriving California show and working dog owners of their property interests in their canines because sterilized dogs may not be shown in UKC, AKC, or ADBA conformation events, may not be bred, and may not participate in some working events implemented to ensure the continued viability and improvement of participating breeds." (See FAC ¶ 71.) Plaintiff further alleges that owners who obtained such animals prior to enactment of the Ordinance "will be deprived of their property interests in such dogs or pay an excessive fee to keep such dogs intact." (See FAC ¶ 72.)
The Ordinance permits a dog owner to obtain a breeding permit for a pit bull if, inter alia, the dog has appeared in at least one dog show in the previous 365 days and the owner pays a $100 fee. See San Francisco Health Code §§ 43, 43.1.
Defendants argue plaintiff's California Constitution claim is subject to dismissal because "courts have long rejected as 'obviously unsound' the contention that taxes or fees violate this constitutional provision." (See Motion at 19:7-8 (quotingDouglas Aircraft Co. v. State, 13 Cal. 2d 545, 554 (1939)). Plaintiff responds that defendants' argument "misses the mark," for the reason that the "thrust of the 6th cause of action is that the ordinance imposes a mandatory sterilization requirement on individuals who already own pit bulls or pit bull mixes" and such requirement "impairs the value of these individuals' property interests in such dogs because, at least with respect to individuals who own pure breeds, [sterilized] pure breeds of dogs cannot be shown in UKC, AKC, or ADBA conformation events." (See Opp. at 21:4-7; FAC ¶ 71.) Plaintiff concedes that the Ordinance "can be applied prospectively and not violate Article I, Section 1," but argues that "the Ordinance cannot be applied retrospectively against individuals who had already perfected a property interest in intact pit bulls before the enactment" of the Ordinance. (See Opp. at 22:6-9.) In short, plaintiff's claim is that the Ordinance's sterilization requirement unconstitutionally reduces the value of intact pit bull show dogs owned prior to the enactment of the Ordinance. (See id. at 21:9-11.)
As noted, however, the Ordinance does not require that all pit bull show dogs be spayed or neutered. See San Francisco Health Code §§ 44, 44.1. Rather, owners of such dogs may obtain a breeding permit upon, inter alia, the payment of a $100 fee. See San Francisco Health Code § 44.1(a)(5). In Douglas, the California Supreme Court rejected as "obviously unsound" the argument that a tax on the use of "tangible personal property" violated Article I, § 1, holding § 1 "no more prohibits a tax on the privilege of use than it does a tax on the property itself." See Douglas, 13 Cal. 2d at 554. The tax at issue in Douglas applied only to property obtained after the enactment of the statute, however. See Douglas, 13 Cal. 2d at 548-49. Consequently, Douglas does not address whether such a tax could, consistent with Article I, § 1, be imposed on property obtained prior to enactment of the tax.
In that regard, plaintiff cites People v. Davenport, 21 Cal. App. 2d 292 (1937). In Davenport, the California Court of Appeal overturned a criminal conviction where the defendant was charged with "having purchased a security for the purpose of reselling it without having first obtained a broker's license," on the ground that any statutory requirement that "requires an individual to secure a broker's license before selling securities which he has purchased and owns himself . . . would be unconstitutional" under Article I, § 1. See id. at 295. The Davenport court held that a person's right of "acquiring, possessing, and protecting property" under Article I, § 1, "'includes the right to dispose of such property in such innocent manner as he pleases, and to sell it for such price as he can obtain[.]'" See Davenport, 21 Cal. App. 2 at 296 (quoting Ex Parte Quarg, 149 Cal. 79, 80 (1906)). Davenport is distinguishable because, here, no restriction on the sale of personal property is at issue. To the extent Davenport can be read to hold that any taxation relating to the use of personal property is unconstitutional, it has been overruled by Douglas. Moreover, to the extent Davenport may be read to imply that any newly-imposed permit requirement relating to the use of preexisting personal property is unconstitutional, any such holding would be inconsistent with Nash v. City of Santa Monica; in Nash, the California Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality, under Article I, § 1, of a city ordinance requiring property owners to obtain a permit before removing rental units from the housing market, as applied to a property owner who purchased the property at issue prior to enactment of the ordinance. See Nash v. City of Santa Monica, 37 Cal. 3d 97, 101, 103 (1984). As the Supreme Court observed, "an ordinance restrictive of property use will be upheld, against due process attack, unless its provisions are clearly arbitrary and unreasonable, having no substantial relation to the public health, safety, morals, or general welfare." See id. (internal quotation and citation omitted).
The ordinance here at issue was enacted in response to the "mauling and killing of a 12 year old child in San Francisco by two pit bulls," and Mayor Newsom's subsequent directive "to review and assess potential measures that the City could take to minimize the chances of such attacks occurring in the future." (See RJN Ex. A at 3.) By prohibiting the ownership of unsterilized pit bulls, the Ordinance is likely to reduce the number of pit bulls and, consequently, the number of pit bull attacks, in San Francisco. Such requirement, and the Ordinance's exception for pit bull show dogs whose owners are willing to pay a $100 breeding permit fee, are not "clearly arbitrary and unreasonable, having no substantial relation to the public health . . . or general welfare." See Nash, 37 Cal. 3d at 103;see also Katsaris v. Cook, 180 Cal. App. 3d 256, 264 n. 3 (1986) ("It has long been the rule that the police power of the state permits it to regulate, even to the point of death, the lives of dogs.").
Accordingly, defendants' motion to dismiss plaintiff's claim that the Ordinance violates Article I, § 1, of the California Constitution will be granted.
C. Due Process Clause
In its seventh cause of action, plaintiff alleges the Ordinance is "impermissibly vague," in violation of the Due Process Clause to the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution, because "it does not give notice to persons of reasonable intelligence of what conduct is prohibited, and invites arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement." (See FAC ¶ 77.) In particular, plaintiff alleges, the Ordinance's definition of "pit bull" to include "any dog displaying a majority of physical traits of any one or more of the [American Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, or Staffordshire Bull Terrier] breeds,"see San Francisco Health Code § 43(a), "is vague and will apply to many breeds that have no 'Pit Bull' in their genetic heritage, including the American Bulldog, Jack Russell Terriers, Labrador Retrievers, Boxers, Bull Terriers, Rottweilers, and many other breeds" and, thus, will "encompass several breeds of dogs never intended to be targeted by the ordinance and subject residents to arbitrary, subjective and fundamentally unfair enforcement." (See FAC ¶¶ 78, 82.)
Defendants move to dismiss plaintiff's Due Process claim on two grounds: lack of associational standing and failure to state a claim. With respect to standing, plaintiff, as noted, alleges that one of its members "owns an unsterilized dog that, while not a 'Pit Bull,' is of a breed that is likely to be mistakenly confused with a 'Pit Bull.'" (See FAC ¶ 85.) Defendants contend the third element of the three-part Hunt test for associational standing has not been met; specifically, according to defendants, such member's individual participation is required to litigate whether the Ordinance is unconstitutionally vague. As discussed above, however, because plaintiff seeks only injunctive and declaratory relief, the individual participation of its members in this lawsuit is not required. See, e.g., Columbia Basin, 268 F.3d at 799; Metropolitan Water District, 159 F.3d at 1181. Accordingly, plaintiff's Due Process claim is not subject to dismissal for failure to adequately allege standing.
Defendants initially conceded that the first two elements of the three-part Hunt test for associational standing are satisfied by plaintiff's above-referenced allegation. (See Motion at 20:6-8.) In their reply, defendants endeavor to retract their concession as to the first element and now contend the first element has not been met because there is no allegation of an actual or imminent injury. As noted, however, the injury-in-fact requirement is satisfied where the plaintiff has "a realistic danger of sustaining a direct injury as a result of the statute's operation or enforcement." See Arizona Right to Life Political Action Committee v. Bayless, 320 F.3d at 1006. Here, plaintiff adequately alleges that one of its members owns an intact dog that, although not a pit bull, is likely to be deemed subject to the Ordinance. (See FAC ¶ 36.)
Defendants' next argument, however, is persuasive, specifically, that plaintiff fails to state a claim because plaintiff fails to allege the Ordinance is impermissibly vague as to all types of dogs. "[A] party challenging the facial validity of an ordinance on vagueness grounds outside the domain of the First Amendment must demonstrate that the enactment is impermissibly vague in all of its applications." See Hotel Motel Ass'n of Oakland v. City of Oakland, 344 F.3d 959, 972 (9th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation and citation omitted). Here, plaintiff does not allege that the Ordinance is vague in its application to all types of dogs.
In any event, given that the Ordinance, on its face, applies,inter alia, to "any dog that is an American Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, [or] Staffordshire Bull Terrier" and provides that the "AKC and UKC standards for [those] breeds are listed on their websites as well as online through the Animal Care and Control Department's website," see San Francisco Health Code § 43(a), it is difficult to imagine, at least with respect to purebred specimens, how the breed could be identified more precisely in the Ordinance. Indeed, courts regularly have rejected vagueness challenges to ordinances, on similar grounds, albeit based on an evidentiary record. See, e.g., American Dog Owners Ass'n v. Dade County, Florida, 728 F. Supp. 1533, 1541-42 (S.D. Fla. 1989) (rejecting vagueness challenge to ordinance defining "pit bull" by reference to AKC and UKC standards);Colorado Dog Fanciers, Inc. v. City and County of Denver, 820 P.2d 644, 650-52 (Colo. 1991) (rejecting vagueness challenge to ordinance containing identical definition of "pit bull" as instant ordinance); Greenwood v. City of North Salt Lake, 817 P.2d 816 (Utah 1991) (rejecting vagueness challenge to ordinance applicable to, inter alia, American Staffordshire Terriers and Staffordshire Bull Terriers); State v. Anderson, 566 N.E. 2d 1224 (Ohio 1991) (rejecting vagueness challenge to ordinance applicable to "any dog that . . . [b]elongs to a breed that is commonly known as a pit bull dog").
Although the Massachusetts Supreme Court and Ohio Court of Appeals have found pit bull ordinances to be unconstitutionally vague, those cases are distinguishable because neither court attempted to determine whether the ordinance at issue was impermissibly vague in all of its applications, and, thus, did not apply the test for vagueness applicable in this Circuit. See American Dog Owners Ass'n v. City of Lynn, 404 Mass. 73 (1989);City of Toledo v. Tellings, 2006 WL 513946 (Ohio App. March 3, 2006). Additionally, the Court notes that the Tellings opinion has been stayed and accepted for review by the Ohio Supreme Court. See Toledo v. Tellings, 852 N.E.2d 186 (2006).
Accordingly, as plaintiff fails to allege that the Ordinance is vague in its application to all types of dogs, defendants' motion to dismiss plaintiff's claim that the Ordinance is impermissibly vague in violation of due process will be granted.
D. Equal Protection
In its eighth cause of action, plaintiff alleges the Ordinance violates the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution because it "bears no rational relationship to a legitimate government interest[.]" (See FAC ¶ 87.) Defendants move to dismiss plaintiff's equal protection claim; plaintiff offers no argument in opposition.
"In areas of social and economic policy, a statutory classification that neither proceeds along suspect lines nor infringes fundamental constitutional rights must be upheld against equal protection challenge if there is any reasonably conceivable state of facts that could provide a rational basis for the classification." See Federal Communications Commission v. Beach Communications, Inc., 508 U.S. 307, 313 (1993). There is no contention here that pit bulls or pit bull owners constitute a suspect class or that there is any fundamental constitutional right involved in the neutering or spaying of dogs. Indeed, the Supreme Court long ago held that "[e]ven if it were assumed that dogs are property in the fullest sense of the word, they would still be subject to the police power of the state, and might be destroyed or otherwise dealt with, as in the judgment of the legislature is necessary for the protection of its citizens." See Sentell v. New Orleans C.R. Co., 166 U.S. 698 (1897). Consequently, if "plausible reasons" exist for the enactment of the Ordinance, the court's "inquiry is at an end." See Federal Communications Commission v. Beach Communications, Inc., 508 U.S. at 313-14 (internal quotations and citation omitted). "[E]qual protection is not a license for courts to judge the wisdom, fairness, or logic of legislative choices." See id. at 313.
Here, as noted, the Ordinance was enacted in response to the "mauling and killing of a 12 year old child in San Francisco by two pit bulls," and Mayor Newsom's subsequent directive "to review and assess potential measures that the City could take to minimize the chances of such attacks occurring in the future." (See RJN Ex. A at 3.) The city's decision to require spaying and neutering of pit bulls as a means of reducing the number of pit bulls and, consequently, the number of pit bull attacks on children cannot be said to be irrational. Plaintiff sets forth no argument to the contrary.
Accordingly, defendants' motion to dismiss plaintiff's Equal Protection claim will be granted.
E. Commerce Clause
In its ninth cause of action, plaintiff alleges the Ordinance violates the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution because the Ordinance "substantially affects interstate commerce in many ways." (See FAC ¶ 99.) In particular, plaintiff alleges, the Ordinance (1) adversely impacts the ability of dog owners from outside California to accept employment in San Francisco if they own a breed of dog subject to the Ordinance; (2) adversely affects the ability of disabled persons who own service dogs subject to the Ordinance to relocate to San Francisco; (3) adversely affects the ability of persons outside California to travel to San Francisco with AKC or UKC show dogs in order to participate in "canine events such as AKC conformation, agility and obedience events"; and (4) prohibits owners of show dogs subject to the Ordinance from moving freely in interstate commerce by relocating to San Francisco with their show dogs. See id. Defendants move to dismiss plaintiff's commerce clause claim; plaintiff offers no argument in opposition.
The Supreme Court has held "that the Constitution's express grant to Congress of the power to regulate Commerce among the several States contains a further, negative command, known as the dormant Commerce Clause, that creates an area of trade free from interference from the States." See American Trucking Associations, Inc. v. Michigan Public Service Commission, 545 U.S. 429, 433 (2005) (internal quotations and citations omitted). Local regulations of interstate commerce violate the dormant Commerce Clause if they "unjustifiably discriminate on their face against out-of-state entities," or "impose burdens on interstate trade that are clearly excessive in relation to the putative local benefits." See id. (internal quotation and citations omitted). As defendants point out, the Ordinance does not discriminate on its face against out-of-state entities, and imposes no burden on interstate trade; the Ordinance merely prohibits the ownership of unsterilized pit bulls in San Francisco if they are not used for breeding and/or for show. See San Francisco Health Code § 43.1. Plaintiff submits no argument to the contrary.
Additionally, local jurisdictions "may not impose taxes that facially discriminate against interstate businesses and offer commercial advantage to local enterprises," that "improperly apportion state assessments on transactions with out-of-state components," or that "have the inevitable effect of threatening the free movement of commerce by placing a financial barrier around the State." See id. Here, the Ordinance's imposition of a $100 fee for a pit bull breeding permit does not discriminate against interstate businesses; it does not address out-of-state transactions in any manner; nor can it be said to threaten the free movement of commerce by placing a financial barrier around the State. As the Supreme Court observed in upholding a $100 fee imposed on trucks engaged in intrastate commercial hauling: "Nothing in our case law suggests that such a neutral, locally focused fee or tax is inconsistent with the dormant Commerce Clause." See id. at 434. Plaintiff submits no argument to the contrary.
Accordingly, defendants' motion to dismiss plaintiff's Commerce Clause claim will be granted.
F. Section 31683
Plaintiff's tenth and final cause of action alleges that "San Francisco has implemented a policy that makes adoptions of 'Pit Bulls' from San Francisco's shelters more difficult for members of the public than for other breeds," in violation of California Food and Agriculture Code § 31683. (See FAC ¶¶ 102-103.) Such claim does not make reference to the Ordinance and does not appear to be based thereon. Defendants move to dismiss on the ground plaintiff fails to adequately plead associational standing; plaintiff offers no argument in opposition.
Section 31683 states, in relevant part: "Except as provided in Section 122331 of the Health and Safety Code, no program regulating any dog shall be specific as to breed." See Cal. Food Agr. Code § 31683. Section 122331 authorizes cities and counties to "enact dog breed-specific ordinances pertaining only to mandatory spay or neuter programs and breeding requirements, provided that no specific dog breed, or mixed dog breed, shall be declared potentially dangerous or vicious under those ordinances." See Cal. Health Safety Code § 122331.
As defendants point out, there is no allegation in the complaint that plaintiff has any members who are affected by the alleged adoption policy. Consequently, plaintiff has not alleged the first element of the Hunt test for associational standing, which requires that an association's members "have standing to sue in their own right."See Hunt, 432 U.S. at 343. Plaintiff submits no argument to the contrary and does not contend that it could successfully amend the complaint to address this deficiency.
Accordingly, defendants' motion to dismiss plaintiff's claim for violation of § 31683 will be granted.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, defendants' motion to dismiss is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part, as follows:
1. With respect to the Disability Claims:
(a) To the extent plaintiff contends the Ordinance discriminates against disabled persons by preventing them from acquiring and thereafter keeping intact pit bull service dogs and/or by impairing the utility of pre-existing pit bull service dogs used for mobility assistance, the motion is hereby GRANTED with leave to amend;
(b) To the extent plaintiff alleges the Ordinance discriminates against disabled persons who currently own intact pit bull service dogs, by depriving such persons of the use of their service dogs while the dogs recover from sterilization surgery, the motion is hereby DENIED.
2. With respect to the remainder of plaintiff's claims, the motion is hereby GRANTED without leave to amend.
3. Plaintiff's amended complaint, if any, shall be filed no later than March 16, 2007. This order terminates Docket No. 44.