Opinion
CIVIL ACTION 19-CV-5119
11-15-2019
STEVE C. CHADWICK-EL, Plaintiff, v. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT, Defendant.
MEMORANDUM KENNEY, J.
Plaintiff Steve C. Chadwick-El, a prisoner currently incarcerated at Western Correctional Institution in Cumberland, Maryland, brings this civil action against the United States Government pursuant to Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971). Chadwick-El seeks leave to proceed in forma pauperis. For the following reasons, the Court will deny Chadwick-El leave to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g) and require that he pay the full filing fee if he wishes to continue with his case.
I. BACKGROUND
The Complaint brought by Chadwick-El raises a Bivens claim against the United States Government, asserting that it has violated 18 U.S.C. § 3561. (ECF. No. 2 at 3.) A Bivens action is a judicially created remedy allowing individuals to seek damages for unconstitutional conduct by federal officials. More specifically, Chadwick-El asserts that he was "improperly sentenced to probation on a class A felony [and his] illegal sentence came as a result of bad advice from [a] public defender." (Id. at 5.) Chadwick-El seeks actual and punitive damages in the amount of $13 million for "the illegal 13 years in prison as a result of illegal sentence and ineffective counseling." (Id.)
The Court adopts the pagination assigned to the Complaint by the CM/ECF system. --------
Although this appears to be Chadwick-El's first filing in this District, he has a history of litigating meritless claims in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland. See Chadwick-El v. Titus, D. Md. Civ. A. No. 09-2662 (Nov. 4, 2009 Memorandum Opinion and Order that the Complaint be dismissed as "frivolous") affirmed by Chadwick-El v. Titus, 386 F. App'x 446 (4th Cir. 2010); Chadwick-El v. Watts, D. Md. Civ. A. No. 09-3330 (January 6, 2010 Memorandum Opinion and Order that the Complaint be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted) appeal dismissed by Chadwick-El v. Watts, 4th Cir. Civ. A. No. 10-6120 (March 23, 2010); Chadwick-El v. Connor, D. Md. Civ. A. No. 09-3331 (January 7, 2010 Memorandum Opinion and Order that the Complaint be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted) affirmed by Chadwick-El v. Connor, 390 F. App'x 234 (4th Cir. 2010); Chadwick-El v. First United Bank and Trust, D. Md. Civ. A. No. 09-3333 (January 7, 2010 Order that the Complaint be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted); Chadwick v. Warden, D. Md. Civ. A. No. 16-4063 (February 23, 2017 Memorandum and Order that the Complaint be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted and flagging the case as a strike) affirmed by Chadwick v. Warden, 687 F. App'x 297 (4th Cir. 2017); Chadwick v. The United States, D. Md. Civ. A. No. 19-1347 (May 15, 2019 Order that the Complaint be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted and flagging the case as a strike) affirmed by Chadwick v. United States, 780 F. App'x 70 (4th Cir. 2019).
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
The in forma pauperis statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1915, allows indigent litigants to bring an action in federal court without prepayment of filing fees, ensuring that such persons are not prevented "from pursuing meaningful litigation" because of their indigence. Abdul-Akbar v. McKelvie, 239 F.3d 307, 312 (3d Cir.2001) (en banc) (internal quotation marks omitted). But, as Congress has recognized, people who obtain in forma pauperis status are "not subject to the same economic disincentives to filing meritless cases that face other civil litigants," and thus the provision is susceptible to abuse. Id. (citing 141 Cong. Rec. S7498-01, S7526 (daily ed. May 25, 1995) (statement of Sen. Kyl)). In particular, the number of meritless claims brought in forma pauperis by prisoners grew "astronomically" from the 1970s to the 1990s, id. (quoting 141 Cong. Rec. S14408-01, S14413 (daily ed. Sept. 27, 1995) (statement of Sen. Dole)), and "[p]risoner litigation continues to account for an outsized share of filings in federal district courts." Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 203 (2007) (internal quotation marks omitted).
"[I]n response to the tide of substantively meritless prisoner claims that have swamped the federal courts," Congress enacted the Prison Litigation Reform Act ("PLRA") in 1996. Ball v. Famiglio, 726 F.3d 448, 452 (3d Cir. 2013) (quoting Shane v. Fauver, 213 F.3d 113, 117 (3d Cir. 2000)) (internal quotation marks omitted), abrogated in part on other grounds by Coleman v. Tollefson, 135 S.Ct. 1759, 1763 (2015). Among other things, the PLRA implemented the so-called "three strikes rule," which provides:
In no event shall a prisoner bring a civil action or appeal a judgment in a civil action or proceeding under this section if the prisoner has, on 3 or more prior occasions, while incarcerated or detained in any facility, brought an action or appeal in a court of the United States that was dismissed on the grounds that it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, unless the prisoner is under imminent danger of serious physical injury.28 U.S.C. § 1915(g) (emphasis added). Put more simply, under the PLRA, a prisoner with three prior strikes can obtain in forma pauperis status only if he is in imminent danger of serious physical injury. Courts must consider a pro se prisoner's allegations of imminent danger "under our liberal pleading rules, construing all allegations in favor of the complainant." Gibbs v. Cross, 160 F.3d 962, 966 (3d Cir. 1998).
III. DISCUSSION
According to § 1915(g), a prisoner who on three or more prior occasions while incarcerated has filed an action or appeal in federal court that was dismissed as frivolous, malicious, or for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, must be denied in forma pauperis status unless he was in imminent danger of serious physical injury at the time that the complaint was filed. Abdul-Akbar, 239 F.3d at 310-11. "[A] strike under § 1915(g) will accrue only if the entire action or appeal is (1) dismissed explicitly because it is 'frivolous,' 'malicious,' or 'fails to state a claim' or (2) dismissed pursuant to a statutory provision or rule that is limited solely to dismissals for such reasons, including (but not necessarily limited to) 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915A(b)(1), 1915(e)(2)(B)(i), 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii), or Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure." Byrd v. Shannon, 715 F.3d 117, 126 (3d Cir. 2013). As noted above, at least six of Chadwick-El's civil actions, filed while he was incarcerated, have been dismissed as frivolous or because they failed to state a plausible claim for relief.
The Court finds that the dismissals in the six civil actions identified above count as strikes against Chadwick-El. Each was filed while Chadwick-El was incarcerated, and each was dismissed in its entirety for one of the reasons listed in § 1915(g). Accordingly, Chadwick-El may not proceed in forma pauperis unless he was in imminent danger of serious physical injury at the time he brought his Complaint.
The "imminent danger" exception serves as a "safety valve" to ensure that a prisoner is not subject to serious injury due to his inability to pay a filing fee. Ball, 726 F.3d at 467. The imminent danger exception thus creates a narrow opening for a particular type of claim; it does not give prisoners a license to swamp the court with claims whenever they successfully state a claim of imminent danger. See Pettus v. Morgenthau, 554 F.3d 293, 297 (2d Cir. 2009) (concluding that the exception's "unmistakable purpose is to permit an indigent three-strikes prisoner to proceed IFP in order to obtain a judicial remedy for an imminent danger," not to allow such a litigant to "file an unlimited number of lawsuits, paying no filing fee, for anything from breach of a consumer warranty to antitrust conspiracy"). "Imminent dangers are those dangers which are about to occur at any moment or are impending." Abdul-Akbar, 239 F.3d at 315 (internal quotation marks omitted). A prisoner's allegation that he faced imminent danger in the past is "an insufficient basis to allow him to proceed in forma pauperis." Ball, 726 F.3d at 467 (quoting Medberry v. Butler, 185 F.3d 1189, 1193 (11th Cir. 1999)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Practices that "may prove detrimental . . . over time," such as poor care for arthritis, also "do not represent imminent dangers," as the harm is not "about to occur at any moment." Id. at 468 (quoting Abdul-Akbar, 239 F.3d at 315) (internal quotation marks omitted). Finally, even if an alleged harm may in fact be "impending," it does not satisfy the exception if it does not threaten to cause "serious physical injury." 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g); see also Ball, 726 F.3d at 468 (suggesting that certain complaints, such as being forced to work in inclement weather, "may not be 'danger' at all") (citing Martin v. Shelton, 319 F.3d 1048, 1050 (8th Cir. 2003)). When considering whether imminent danger of serious physical injury has been alleged, courts may reject "vague" or "conclusory" allegations as insufficient to provide a basis for IFP status. Id.
The Court finds that the allegations in Chadwick-El's latest filing does not meet the imminent danger standard of Section 1915(g). Chadwick-El asserts that he was "improperly sentenced to probation on a class A felony [and his] illegal sentence came as a result of bad advice from [a] public defender." (ECF No. 2 at 5.) There are no allegations of imminent danger or any future imminent danger. Accordingly, Chadwick-El cannot qualify for the imminent danger exception.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court will deny Chadwick-El's Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). Should Chadwick-El desire to litigate his claims, he must pay the full filing fee in advance. Chadwick-El's remaining Motions will be denied without prejudice to reassertion only in the event he pays the fees to commence this case, although the Court notes that any requests for discovery before the Defendant has responded are premature. An appropriate Order follows.
BY THE COURT:
/s/ _________
CHAD F. KENNEY, J.