Opinion
Case No. 1:16-cv-00124 Criminal No. B-15-cr-484-1
06-17-2016
NORMA CAVAZOS, Movant, v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Respondent.
MAGISTRATE JUDGE'S REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
The Court is in receipt of Norma Cavazos's pro se 28 U.S.C. § 2255 Motion (hereinafter, Cavazos's "Motion" or § 2255 Motion"). Dkt. No. 1. For the reasons provided below, Cavazos's § 2255 Motion lacks merit. Therefore, pursuant to Rule 4(b) of the Rules Governing Section 2255 Proceedings for the United States District Courts, it is recommended that Cavazos's § 2255 Motion be summarily dismissed with prejudice. Additionally, it is recommended that the Court decline to issue a certificate of appealability.
I. Jurisdiction
This Court has jurisdiction over Cavazos's § 2255 Motion pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and § 2255.
II. Procedural History
On July 24, 2015, Cavazos pleaded guilty to being an alien unlawfully found in the United States after deportation, having previously been convicted of an aggravated felony, in violation of 8 U.S.C. §§ 1326(a) and 1326(b). See United States of America v. Norma Margarita Cavazos, No. 1:15cr00484-1, Dkt. No. 22 at 1. On November 3, 2015, Senior United States District Judge Hilda Tagle sentenced Cavazos to 40 months of imprisonment. Id. at 1-2. Judgment was entered on November 23, 2015. Id. at 1. Cavazos did not file a direct appeal.
Hereinafter, Cavazos's criminal case docket entries ("CR Dkt. Nos.") will be referred to only by their docket entry numbers.
Cavazos filed her instant, timely § 2255 Motion on June 5, 2016. Dkt. No. 1. In her § 2255 Motion, Cavazos claims that she is entitled to relief pursuant to Johnson v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 135 S.Ct. 2551 (2015); Welch v. United States, ___ U.S. ___ 136 S. Ct. 1257 (2016); and United States v. Gonzalez-Longoria, 813 F.3d 225 (5th Cir. 2016), reh'g en banc ordered, 815 F.3d 189. Dkt. No. 1 at 1-7. For the reasons provided below, Cavazos's arguments are misplaced, and her § 2255 Motion should be dismissed with prejudice.
Cavazos indicates that she placed her § 2255 Motion in the prison mailing system on June 5, 2016. Dkt. No. 1 at 7. The Court will consider her § 2255 Motion filed on that date. See generally Spotsville v. Cain, 149 F.3d 374, 378 (5th Cir. 1998) (noting that, for statute of limitations purposes, a pro se prisoner's application is filed on the day it is placed in the prison mailing system); United States v. Young, 966 F.2d 164, 165 (5th Cir. 1992) (applying the mailbox rule to pro se prisoner proceedings under 28 U.S.C. § 2255). --------
III. Legal Standards
Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, a defendant may move to vacate, set aside or correct his sentence if: (1) the sentence was imposed in violation of the Constitution or the laws of the United States; (2) the district court was without jurisdiction to impose the sentence; (3) the sentence imposed was in excess of the maximum authorized by law; or (4) the sentence is otherwise subject to collateral attack. 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a). The nature of a § 2255 collateral challenge is extremely limited, being reserved for instances of constitutional or jurisdictional magnitude. United States v. Shaid, 937 F.2d 228, 232 (5th Cir. 1991). If an error is not of constitutional magnitude, the movant must show that the error could not have been raised on direct appeal and would, if condoned, result in a complete miscarriage of justice. United States v. Smith, 32 F.3d 194, 196 (5th Cir. 1994).
IV. Discussion
Cavazos claims that she is entitled to § 2255 relief pursuant to the new rule of law announced in Johnson v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015). Dkt. No. 1 at 1-7. In Johnson, the Supreme Court reviewed the lower court's application of 18 U.S.C. § 924(e), the Armed Career Criminal Act ("ACCA"), to Samuel James Johnson's sentence. Johnson, 135 S. Ct. 2551, 2555. The ACCA requires federal courts to impose a minimum fifteen-year term of imprisonment upon repeat offenders who are convicted of unlawfully possessing a firearm under 18 U.S.C. § 992(g). 18 U.S.C. § 924(e). In relevant part, the ACCA provides:
In the case of a person who violates section 922(g) of this title and has three previous convictions by any court . . . for a violent felony or a serious drug offense, or both, committed on occasions different from one another, such person shall be . . . imprisoned not less than fifteen years[.]18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1).
The ACCA provides six definitions for the term "violent felony." 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i)-(ii). A violent felony is any crime that: (1) "has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against another person;" (2) constitutes burglary; (3) constitutes arson; (4) constitutes extortion; (5) involves the use of explosives; or (6) "otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another." Id. "Courts have coined the first definition the 'force clause'; and the sixth definition, the 'residual clause.'" United States v. Curry, No. CR 10-111, 2015 WL 8478192, at *1 (E.D. La. Dec. 10, 2015) (citing United States v. Davis, 487 F.3d 282, 285 (5th Cir. 2007)).
The Supreme Court in Johnson held that imposing an increased sentence under the residual clause of the ACCA is a violation of due process because the clause is unconstitutionally vague. Johnson, 135 S. Ct. 2551, 2557 ("[T]he residual clause both denies fair notice to defendants and invites arbitrary enforcement by judges. Increasing a defendant's sentence under the clause denies due process of law."). The Supreme Court did not reach the issue of whether its ruling would apply retroactively. Id. at 2551; see also Santiago Valdez v. United States, No. 4:11-CR-065-A, 2015 WL 9593627, at *1 (N.D. Tex. Dec. 31, 2015) (recognizing that the Supreme Court in Johnson did not address retroactivity). However, on April 18, 2016, in Welch v. United States, the Supreme Court held that the rule in Johnson is retroactively applicable. Welch, 136 S. Ct. 1257, 1268.
Unfortunately for Cavazos, Welch and Johnson do not apply to her case. As noted above, the Supreme Court in Johnson reviewed the lower court's application of § 924(e) to Johnson's sentence. Johnson, 135 S. Ct. 2551, 2555. In Cavazos's case, the Court did not sentence her pursuant to § 924(e). In fact, in sentencing her for violating 8 U.S.C. §§ 1326(a) and 1326(b), the Court did not apply any enhancement for the use or possession of a firearm. See CR Dkt. No. 17 (Final Presentence Investigation Report); CR Dkt. No. 23 at 1 (Statement of Reasons, adopting the Final Presentence Investigation Report "without change"); CR Dkt. No. 22 (Judgment). Thus, regardless of its retroactive application, the rule in Johnson does not provide Cavazos with a right to § 2255 relief.
Cavazos makes the related argument that she is entitled to § 2255 relief pursuant to the Fifth Circuit's decision in United States v. Gonzalez-Longoria. Dkt. No. 1 at 1-7. Cavazos does not specify how the Gonzalez-Longoria decision applies to her case. Id. However, her reliance indicates that she believes the District Court applied 18 U.S.C. § 16(b) to enhance her sentence. See Gonzalez-Longoria, 813 F.3d 225, 235 (discussing the application of U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(C), 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43), and 18 U.S.C. § 16, and finding 18 U.S.C. § 16 to be unconstitutionally vague under the rationale of Johnson). Cavazos is mistaken. When sentencing Cavazos, the Court did not apply 18 U.S.C. § 16(b). See CR Dkt. No. 17 at 4-9, 12; CR Dkt. No. 22; CR Dkt. No. 23 at 1.
Cavazos's Final Presentence Investigation Report ("PSR") assessed a "total offense level of 21 and a criminal history category of III," and stated that the advisory guideline "range for imprisonment" was 46 to 57 months. CR Dkt. No. 17 at 12. In calculating her base offense level and special offense characteristics, the PSR applied U.S.S.G § 2L1.2 and § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(i). Id. at 4. In calculating her criminal history score, the PSR applied U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(a) and § 4A.1.1(d). Id. at 5-7. The Court adopted the PSR without change and imposed a 40-month sentence of imprisonment. CR Dkt. No. 22 at 2; CR Dkt. No. 23 at 1. In imposing a 40-month sentence, the Court granted Cavazos's "motion for variance" and sentenced Cavazos "below the guideline range[.]" CR Dkt. No. 23 at 2. Sections 2L1.2, 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(i), 4A1.1(a), and 4A.1.1(d) of the United States Sentencing Guidelines do not contain, or incorporate, any clauses resembling the clauses recently found unconstitutional in Johnson, or more recently, in Gonzalez-Longoria. See U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(i), § 4A1.1(a), and § 4A.1.1(d).
Cavazos's arguments and reliance on Johnson, Welch, and Gonzalez-Longoria are misplaced. As she raises no other grounds for relief, her § 2255 Motion should be dismissed with prejudice for lack of merit.
V. Certificate of Appealability
A certificate of appealability shall not issue unless the petitioner/movant makes "a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right." 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). This requires a "showing that reasonable jurists could debate whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the petition should have been resolved in a different manner or that the issues presented were adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further." Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 475 (2000) (internal quotations and citations omitted). Said another way, where claims have been dismissed on the merits, the movant/petitioner "must demonstrate that reasonable jurists would find the district court's assessment of the constitutional claims debatable or wrong." Id. at 484. Where claims have been dismissed on procedural grounds, the movant/petitioner must show that "jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right and that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the district court was correct in its procedural ruling." Id.
District courts may deny certificates of appealability sua sponte, without requiring further briefing or argument. Alexander v. Johnson, 211 F.3d 895, 898 (5th Cir. 2000). A certificate of appealability should not issue in this case because Cavazos has not made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.
VI. Recommendation
It is recommended that Cavazos's § 2255 Motion be summarily dismissed with prejudice pursuant to Rule 4(b) of the Rules Governing Section 2255 Proceedings for the United States District Courts. Additionally, it is recommended that the Court decline to issue a certificate of appealability.
VII. Notice to Parties
A party's failure to file written objections to the proposed findings, conclusions, and recommendation in a magistrate judge's report and recommendation within fourteen days after being served with a copy shall bar that party, except upon grounds of plain error, from attacking on appeal the unobjected-to proposed factual findings and legal conclusions accepted by the district court, provided that the party has been served with notice that such consequences will result from a failure to object. Douglass v. United Services Auto. Ass'n, 79 F.3d 1415 (5th Cir. 1996).
Signed on this 17th day of June, 2016.
/s/_________
Ignacio Torteya, III
United States Magistrate Judge