Opinion
No. 204393
Submitted April 7, 1999, at Detroit.
Decided May 4, 1999 at 9:05 A.M.
Fieger, Fieger Schwartz, P.C. (by Geoffrey N. Fieger and Todd J. Weglarz), for the plaintiff.
Kitch, Drutchas, Wagner Kenney, P.C. (by Susan Healy Zitterman, Linda M. Garbarino, and Christina A. Ginter), for the defendant.
Before: SAAD, P.J., and MURPHY and O'CONNELL, JJ.
Plaintiff brought suit on behalf of her minor son in 1994, when the child was eight years old, alleging medical malpractice attendant to the child's birth in 1987. Defendant moved the trial court for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7), arguing that the claim was barred by the applicable statutory periods of limitation. The trial court disagreed and denied the motion. Defendant appeals by leave of this Court. We affirm.
Statutory interpretation is a question of law calling for de novo review. Michigan Basic Property Ins Ass'n v. Ware, 230 Mich. App. 44, 48; 583 N.W.2d 240 (1998). "The primary purpose of statutory interpretation is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the Legislature." Id. at 49. Where the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, a court must apply it as written. Howard v. Clinton Charter Twp, 230 Mich. App. 692, 695; 584 N.W.2d 644 (1998). However, if the wording is susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation, judicial construction is appropriate. Id.
This case is governed by the provisions of the Revised Judicature Act for periods of limitation, MCL 600.5801 et seq.; MSA 27A.5801 et seq., as they read in 1987, when the claim arose. A medical malpractice claim accrues "at the time of the act or omission that is the basis for the claim of medical malpractice, regardless of the time the plaintiff discovers or otherwise has knowledge of the claim." MCL 600.5838a(1); MSA 27A.5838(1)(1). Actions charging medical malpractice ordinarily may not be initiated more than two years after accrual of the claim. MCL 600.5805(4); MSA 27A.5805(4). However, § 5851(1) of the act provides that persons suffering from the legal disabilities of insanity, imprisonment, or minority when their claims accrue, or others claiming on their behalf, "have 1 year after the disability is removed . . . to bring the action although the period of limitations has run," except as otherwise provided in subsection (7). Subsection (7) in turn more specifically addresses the disability of minority. At the time in question, it provided as follows:
"The pertinent statute of limitations is the one in effect when the plaintiff's cause of action arose." Chase v. Sabin, 445 Mich. 190, 192 n 2; 516 N.W.2d 60 (1994). Some of the statutory provisions at issue here were substantially revised by 1993 PA 78. We can take no guidance from these revisions, however, because it is not possible to ascertain the extent to which the new wording reflects a legislative clarification, as opposed to substantive alteration, of the earlier version. See Detroit Edison Co v. Janosz, 350 Mich. 606, 613-614; 87 N.W.2d 126 (1957).
If, at the time a claim alleging medical malpractice accrues to a person . . ., the person is 13 years of age or less, an action based on the claim shall not be brought unless the action is commenced on or before the person's fifteenth birthday. If, at the time a claim alleging medical malpractice accrues to a person . . ., the person is more than 13 years of age, he or she shall be subject to the period of limitations set forth in section 5838a.
Section 5838a(2) further provided, in pertinent part, as follows:
Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, an action involving a claim based on medical malpractice may be commenced at any time within the applicable period prescribed in sections 5805 or 5851 to 5856, or within six months after the plaintiff discovers or should have discovered the existence of the claim, whichever is later. However, the claim shall not be commenced later than six years after the date of the act or omission which is the basis for the claim. The burden of proving that the plaintiff . . . neither discovered nor should have discovered the existence of the claim at least 6 months before the expiration of the period otherwise applicable to the claim shall be on the plaintiff. A medical malpractice action which is not commenced within the time prescribed by this subsection is barred.
Our task, to the extent possible, is to give effect to each of these provisions while reading them to harmonize with each other. Michigan Basic Property Ins Ass'n, supra at 49. "Where a specific statutory provision differs from a related general provision, the specific one controls." Id.
Because plaintiff commenced this action more than six years after the claim accrued but before her son's fifteenth birthday, at issue is whether § 5851(7) preserves this litigation despite its being commenced beyond the periods of limitation provided for § 5838a(2). We conclude that it does.
"[T]he meaning of the Legislature is to be found in the terms and arrangement of the statute without straining or refinement, and the expressions used are to be taken in their natural and ordinary sense." Gross v. General Motors Corp, 448 Mich. 147, 160; 528 N.W.2d 707 (1995). Subsection § 5838a(2) states that medical malpractice actions may be filed within the periods prescribed § 5851,
or within six months after the plaintiff discovers or should have discovered the existence of the claim, whichever is later. However, the claim shall not be commenced later than six years after the date of the act or omission which is the basis for the claim.
Plaintiff argues that the six-year provision acts as a limitation on the six-month discovery rule only; defendant argues that the six-year provision acts as an absolute limitation on the tolling provisions for legal disabilities of § 5851 (but for specific exceptions not at issue here). The structure and language § 5838a(2) compel us to agree with plaintiff.
Section 5838a(2) incorporates by reference the limitations on actions for malpractice prescribed in §§ 5805 and 5851 and elsewhere, and then announces the exception allowing actions up to six months after discovery of the basis for the claim. This is then followed by a separate sentence stating, "However, the claim shall not be commenced later than 6 years after the date of the act or omission which is the basis for the claim." Although this sentence could plausibly be read as a bearing on all statutory provisions that could allow for periods of limitation otherwise greater than six years, the context of this statement indicates that it is intended to act as a limitation on only the six-month discovery rule. The statement is followed by a sentence establishing that the plaintiff bears the burden of proving belated discovery when using the discovery rule as a way around otherwise applicable periods of limitation. The six-year rule, then, is sandwiched between a sentence introducing the six-month discovery rule and one exclusively clarifying that rule. This is a logical place to promulgate a limitation on the discovery rule, but a peculiar place to promulgate a limitation on the tolling provisions of § 5851. Because plaintiff in this case commenced action well before her son reached the age of fifteen, the trial court properly held that the action was not barred by the six-year limitation of § 5838a(2).
Affirmed.