Opinion
No. COA01-233
Filed 19 March 2002
Highways and Streets — outdoor advertising permit — billboard — illegal cutting and destruction of vegetation
A de novo review reveals that the trial court did not err by upholding the revocation of petitioner's outdoor advertising permit for a billboard even though petitioner alleged there was an insufficient connection existing between petitioner and the perpetrator of the illegal cutting and destruction of the vegetation surrounding the outdoor advertising structure, because: (1) N.C. Admin. Code tit. 19, r. 2E.0210(8) provides for revocation of a permit for unlawful destruction of trees or shrubs or other growth located on the right of way in order to increase or enhance the visibility of an outdoor advertising structure; (2) direct involvement by the permit holder in the alleged violation is not necessary to uphold a revocation; and (3) petitioner had a responsibility to abide by N.C. DOT's requirements and his responsibility did not end when petitioner leased billboard space to a third party, nor did it end when a sublessee violated those requirements.
Judge TYSON concurring in the result.
Appeal by petitioner from judgment entered 29 December 2000 by Judge Henry V. Barnette, Jr. in Wake County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 5 December 2001.
Hutchens Senter, by H. Terry Hutchens and Rudolph G. Singleton, Jr., for petitioner-appellant.
Attorney General Roy A. Cooper, by Assistant Attorney General Gaines M. Weaver, for respondent-appellee.
Billy Cain ("petitioner") appeals the 29 December 2000 order of the trial court affirming the revocation of his outdoor advertising permit issued by the North Carolina Department of Transportation ("NCDOT").
The relevant facts are as follows: Petitioner was the owner of an outdoor advertising structure located on Interstate 95 in Cumberland County. Petitioner leased the billboard to Sunshine Outdoor of Florida, Inc. ("Sunshine Outdoor") under the terms of a written agreement by which Sunshine Outdoor was granted the use of the billboard for a term of ten years. Sunshine Outdoor subleased the billboard to Cafe' Risque, a business operated adjacent to Interstate 95 in Harnett County.
On 7 February 1998, NCDOT Maintenance Manager, Hugh S. Matthews, responded to a report of an apparent destruction of trees, shrubs, and other vegetation located on the right-of-way of Interstate 95. The apparent removal of the vegetation was in order to increase or enhance visibility of the outdoor advertising structure. On 10 February 1998, the Department District Engineer revoked petitioner's permit.
Petitioner contended that neither he nor any of his employees was directly or indirectly engaged in the illegal cutting reported on 7 February 1998. Petitioner also alleged that neither Sunshine Outdoor nor Cafe' Risque sought permission to remove vegetation from the permit site, nor did they inform petitioner of their intention to remove vegetation. On 28 May 1998, the Secretary of NCDOT received a letter from Jean Claude Brunnell of Sunshine Outdoor asserting that Cafe' Risque was responsible for the illegal cutting and that neither Sunshine Outdoor nor petitioner were aware of the destruction of the vegetation.
On 9 September 1999, pursuant to an appeal by petitioner, the Secretary of NCDOT entered a final decision upholding and affirming the revocation of petitioner's permit. Petitioner petitioned for judicial review of the final agency decision. The trial court in affirming the revocation of petitioner's permit made the following pertinent findings of fact:
7. The billboard at the permit site was leased to Sunshine Outdoor, Inc. by Billy V. Cain under the terms of a written agreement, by the terms of which, Sunshine Outdoor of Florida, Inc. was granted the rights to the use of the billboard for a term of ten (10) years and included options to renew, in consideration of payments to Billy V. Cain in the approximate amount over the initial term of the lease in the approximate amount of One-Hundred Fifty Thousand Nine Hundred Thirty-Five Dollars ($150,935.00). Neither Billy V. Cain, nor any employee of Billy V. Cain was engaged directly or indirectly in the illegal cutting at the permit site on February 7, 1998, or at any other time.
8. Neither Billy V. Cain nor any employee of Billy V. Cain authorized, controlled, directed or otherwise participated in the illegal cutting of the vegetation at the permit site on February 7, 1998.
9. Neither Sunshine Outdoor, Inc. nor Cafe' Risque nor anyone on behalf of either entity, sought Billy V. Cain's permission to remove any vegetation from the permit site nor did they inform Billy V. Cain of their intention or plan to remove the vegetation.
10. Billy V. Cain had no knowledge whatsoever that any person or entity intended to remove vegetation at the permit site or, in fact, had removed any vegetation at the permit site.
. . . .
15. Illegal cutting of vegetation at the permit site was carried out by agents of either Sunshine Outdoor of Florida, Inc. or Cafe' Risque.
Based on the above findings of fact, the trial court made the following conclusions of law:
1. The Final Decision of the Secretary of Transportation is not in violation of any constitutional provisions.
2. The Final Decision of the Secretary of Transportation was made with the Outdoor Advertising Control Act, N.C. Gen. Stat. 136-126, et. seq. and rules and regulations promulgated by the Department of Transportation.
3. The Final Decision of the Secretary of Transportation is not effected [sic] by any other error of law.
4. Pursuant to National Advertising Co. Bradshaw, 60 N.C. App. 745, 299 S.E.2d 817 (1983), the Department must clearly show the following in order to revoke a permit for the unlawful destruction of trees or shrubs or other growth located on the right of way (1) the identity of the persons, (2) who committed a violation for which revocation is permissible and (3) show a sufficient connection between those persons and the permit holder.
5. The contract between the Petitioner Billy V. Cain and Sunshine Outdoor of Florida, Inc. for the lease of the billboard is a sufficient connection to satisf[y] the third element established by the National Advertising Co. court.
Petitioner appeals.
On appeal, petitioner contends that the trial court erred in affirming the decision of the Secretary of Transportation in revoking petitioner's outdoor advertising permit. Specifically, petitioner argues that an insufficient connection existed between petitioner and the perpetrator of the illegal cutting and therefore, petitioner bears no responsibility for the apparent destruction of the vegetation. Thus, petitioner asserts that the revocation of his outdoor advertising permit was not justified. We disagree.
The Outdoor Advertising Control Act ("OACA")is codified in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 136-126 (1999). The purpose of the Act is to "promote the safety, health, welfare and convenience and enjoyment of travel on and protection of the public investment in highways within the State, . . . and to promote the reasonable, orderly, and effective display of such signs, displays and devices." N.C. Gen. Stat. § 136-127 (1999). N.C. Gen. Stat. § 136-130 provides NCDOT with the authority to promulgate rules and regulations concerning:
(1) outdoor advertising signs along the right-of-way of interstate or primary highways in this State; (2) `the specific requirements and procedures for obtaining a permit for outdoor advertising as required in [N.C. Gen. Stat.] § 136-133'; and (3) `for the administrative procedures for appealing a decision at the agency level to refuse to grant or in revoking a permit previously issued.'
Advertising Co. v. Bradshaw, Sec. of Transportation, 48 N.C. App. 10, 16-17, 268 S.E.2d 816, 820 (quoting N.C. Gen. Stat. 136-130), disc. review denied, 301 N.C. 400, 273 S.E.2d 446 (1980).
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 136-133(a) (1999) provides that except as allowed by statute, "no person shall erect or maintain any outdoor advertising within 660 feet of the nearest edge of the right-of-way of the interstate or primary highway system" without first obtaining a permit from NCDOT. The statute further provides that such "permit shall be valid until revoked for nonconformance with this Article or rules adopted by the Department of Transportation." In accordance with N.C. Gen. Stat. § 136-130, NCDOT has promulgated N.C. Admin. Code tit. 19, r. 2E.0210(8) (2000) which provides for revocation of a permit for "unlawful destruction of trees or shrubs or other growth located on the right of way in order to increase or enhance the visibility of an outdoor advertising structure[.]"
When a permit issued for an outdoor advertising structure has been revoked and all administrative remedies have been exhausted, the party aggrieved is entitled to judicial review of the decision of the Secretary of Transportation. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 136-134.1 (1999). Under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 136-134.1, the party may appeal the order of the Department of Transportation and has a right to a hearing de novo in the Superior Court of Wake County. The Superior Court, after hearing the matter, may affirm, reverse or modify the decision if the agency decision is "(1) in violation of constitutional provisions; or (2) not made in accordance with this Article or rules or regulations promulgated by the Department of Transportation; or (3) affected by other error of law." Id.
The task of this Court in reviewing a trial court's order of an agency decision is two-fold: (1) determine whether the trial court exercised the appropriate standard of review and (2) determine whether the trial court properly applied this standard. Whiteco Outdoor Adver. v. Johnston County Bd. of Adjust., 132 N.C. App. 465, 468, 513 S.E.2d 70, 73 (1999). The standard of review depends on the nature of the issues presented on appeal. Walker v. N.C. Dept. of Human Resources, 100 N.C. App. 498, 502, 397 S.E.2d 350, 354 (1990), disc. review denied, 328 N.C. 98, 402 S.E.2d 430 (1991). Allegations that a decision is based upon an error of law dictate de novo review. Id. De novo review "requires a court to consider the question anew[,]" as if the agency has not addressed it. Eury v. N.C. Employment Security, Comm., 115 N.C. App. 590, 597, 446 S.E.2d 383, 387, disc. review denied, 338 N.C. 309, 451 S.E.2d 635 (1994). Incorrect statutory interpretation by an agency constitutes an error of law. Brooks, Comm'r. of Labor v. Rebarco, Inc., 91 N.C. App. 459, 464, 372 S.E.2d 342, 345 (1988). In the instant case, petitioner contends that the court's order affirming the final decision of the Secretary of Transportation revoking petitioner's outdoor advertising permit was contrary to law. Accordingly, we review the Secretary's decision de novo.
In determining whether there has been a violation of an outdoor advertising regulation sufficient to support a permit revocation, our Court has held NCDOT must "(1) clearly identify persons, (2) who committed a violation for which revocation is permissible, and (3) show a sufficient connection between those persons and the permit holder." Whiteco Industries, Inc. v. Harrelson, 111 N.C. App. 815, 434 S.E.2d 229 (1993), disc. review denied, 335 N.C. 566, 441 S.E.2d 135 (1994).
Since National, it has been established that direct involvement by the permit holder in the alleged violation is not necessary to uphold a revocation. In Whiteco Metrocom, Inc. v. Roberson, 84 N.C. App. 305, 306, 352 S.E.2d 277, 277 (1987), petitioner, owner of an outdoor advertising structure, hired an independent contractor to maintain its signs. Petitioner's permit was revoked because of the violations committed by independent sign maintenance subcontractors. Id. at 306, 352 S.E.2d at 277. Petitioner contended his permit could not be revoked since "the delinquencies were those of an independent contractor." Id. at 307, 352 S.E.2d at 278. This Court held that "by obtaining the statutorily authorized permit, petitioner accepted the duty to follow the law in its exercise; and petitioner did not rid itself of this duty by hiring an independent substitute to act for it; for a duty imposed by statute cannot be delegated." Id. at 307, 352 S.E.2d at 278.
Similarly, in Whiteco Industries, 111 N.C. App. 815, 434 S.E.2d 229, Whiteco leased a billboard to Comfort Inn. Subsequently, three men were observed cutting trees on the right-of-way. Id. at 816, 434 S.E.2d at 231. The men admitted that they were hired by the owner of Comfort Inn. The permit holder, Whiteco, argued that because the lessee of the billboard had hired the violators, there was not a sufficient connection to warrant permit revocation. Id. at 820, 434 S.E.2d at 233. This Court held that "this argument would be tantamount to inviting circumvention of the law, and we reject it. Petitioner's responsibility to abide by DOT's requirements to obtain and retain outdoor advertising permits did not end when it leased billboard space to a third party, and is not excused when an agent of the third party violates those requirements." Id. at 821, 434 S.E.2d at 233 (emphasis added).
Our de novo review in the instant case leads us to conclude that the trial court's decision was not affected by errors of law. The fact that petitioner did not know of the alleged violation nor hired the violators, did not relieve him of liability. The fact remains that there existed a contractual relationship between petitioner and Sunshine Outdoor. As in Whiteco, petitioner had a responsibility to abide by NCDOT requirements and his responsibility did not end when petitioner leased billboard space to a third party, nor did it end when a sublessee violated those requirements. Based on prior rulings of this Court, we hold that the trial court properly affirmed the revocation of petitioner's outdoor advertising permit.
Petitioner presents two new arguments on appeal: (1) recent changes to the administrative code provisions related to outdoor advertising show that the permit at issue was unfairly revoked; and (2) NCDOT has ample means to protect against illegal cutting on the right-of-way through enforcement of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-128. However, these arguments were not presented at trial, nor does the record reflect that petitioner has assigned them as error. Arguments not made before the trial court are not properly before this Court. See N.C.R. App. P. 10 (b)(1) (2000). Accordingly, we do not address petitioner's remaining assignments of error.
Based on the foregoing, we affirm the trial court's order upholding the revocation of petitioner's outdoor advertising permit.
Affirmed.
Judge Hudson concurs.
Judge Tyson concurs in the result with a separate opinion.