Opinion
Nos. 13 Civ. 2638LLS 13 Civ. 2763LLS.
06-25-2014
C & L INTERNATIONAL TRADING INC., Kam Ng, and K & C International Trading Inc., Plaintiffs, v. AMERICAN TIBETAN HEALTH INSTITUTE, INC., Chung Kee (USA) International Inc., Yat Chau (USA) Inc., Tung Ren Tang, Ron Feng Trading Inc., Fargo Trading Inc., Yong Long Supermarket Inc., and Po Wing Hong Food Market Inc., Defendants. American Tibetan Health Institute, Inc., Plaintiffs, v. Kam Ng, C & L International Trading, Inc., Kang Li Trading, Inc., and K & C International Trading, Inc., Defendants.
I. Frederick Shotkin, The Marshall Firm, Warren R. Graham, Warren R. Graham, Esq., New York, NY, for Plaintiffs C & L International Trading Inc., Kam Ng, and K & C International Trading Inc. Anthony Nicholas Elia, III, The Law Offices of Anthony N. Elia, P.C., Bonnie Lynn Mohr, Law Office Of Bonnie L. Mohr, New York, NY, David William Kloss, Justin David Kloss, Philip B. Abramowitz, Kloss Stenger & Lotempio, Buffalo, NY, for Defendants American Tibetan Health Institute, Inc., Chung Kee (USA) International Inc., Yat Chau (USA) Inc., Tung Ren Tang, Ron Feng Trading Inc., Fargo Trading Inc., Yong Long Supermarket Inc., and Po Wing Hong Food Market Inc.
I. Frederick Shotkin, The Marshall Firm, Warren R. Graham, Warren R. Graham, Esq., New York, NY, for Plaintiffs C & L International Trading Inc., Kam Ng, and K & C International Trading Inc.
Anthony Nicholas Elia, III, The Law Offices of Anthony N. Elia, P.C., Bonnie Lynn Mohr, Law Office Of Bonnie L. Mohr, New York, NY, David William Kloss, Justin David Kloss, Philip B. Abramowitz, Kloss Stenger & Lotempio, Buffalo, NY, for Defendants American Tibetan Health Institute, Inc., Chung Kee (USA) International Inc., Yat Chau (USA) Inc., Tung Ren Tang, Ron Feng Trading Inc., Fargo Trading Inc., Yong Long Supermarket Inc., and Po Wing Hong Food Market Inc.
OPINION AND INJUNCTION
LOUIS L. STANTON, District Judge.
American Tibetan Health Institute, Inc. (“ATHI”) and Kam Ng both sell Chinese herbal medicinal tea called “Tibetan Baicao Tea,” packaged in substantially similar boxes. These cases are cross-suits: each side sues the other side for trademark infringement, among other claims, alleging its right to exclusive commercial use of the name “Tibetan Baicao Tea” and design marks found on the tea boxes.
The parties do not dispute that the tea boxes bearing the disputed marks are sold in commerce, and are sufficiently similar such that the sale of both is likely to cause confusion among consumers. The sole dispute is which party—ATHI or Kam Ng—has the right to use the disputed marks in commerce.
ATHI moved to preliminarily enjoin Kam Ng from selling Tibetan Baicao Tea. All parties agreeing that the only material issues in substantial dispute were which of them had first used its marks in commerce in the United States and (if it was ATHI) whether ATHI had thereafter abandoned the marks, the hearing on that motion was consolidated with a trial on the merits under Fed.R.Civ.P. 65(a)(2). A jury trial of those two issues was held from March 24 to 27, 2014. The jury determined that ATHI was the first to use its trademarks in commerce, and did not later abandon the marks.
For the reasons that follow, the injunction is granted.
Discussion
As a remedy for unauthorized use in commerce of a trademark, where such use is likely to cause confusion, a court has the “power to grant injunctions, according to the principles of equity and upon such terms as the court may deem reasonable, to prevent the violation of any right of the registrant of a mark registered in the Patent and Trademark Office,” 15 U.S.C.A. § 1116 (West).
ATHI filed to register the disputed marks on the USPTO's principal register in March 2012, which is prima facie evidence of ATHI's ownership of the disputed marks and exclusive right to use them in commerce, see 15 U.S.C. § 1115(a).
Registration does not, however, give priority over persons who had used and not abandoned the disputed marks prior to the registration, see 15 U.S.C. § 1057(c)(1). ATHI's registration does “not preclude another person from proving any legal or equitable defense or defect, including those set forth in subsection (b) of this section, which might have been asserted if such mark had not been registered,” 15 U.S.C. § 1115(a).
It is a defense to the charge of infringement:
(5) That the mark whose use by a party is charged as an infringement was adopted without knowledge of the registrant's prior use and has been continuously used by such party or those in privity with him from a date prior to (A) the date of constructive use of the mark established pursuant to section 1057(c) of this title, (B) the registration of the mark under this chapter if the application for registration is filed before the
effective date of the Trademark Law Revision Act of 1988, or (C) publication of the registered mark under subsection (c) of section 1062 of this title: Provided, however, That this defense or defect shall apply only for the area in which such continuous prior use is proved;
“Under this statutory scheme, defendants' rights to its mark extend only as far as the area where its continuous prior use of that mark preempted plaintiff's constructive use of its mark,” Allard Enterprises, Inc. v. Advanced Programming Res., Inc., 146 F.3d 350, 361 (6th Cir.1998).
Kam Ng claims that, notwithstanding ATHI's first sale in the United States, she sold her trademarked product in Chinatown in New York before ATHI registered the marks or sold its product there, and that she is therefore entitled to trademark protection of the disputed marks in New York.
Resolution of that dispute turns on which party used the disputed marks in commerce first in New York, and whether Kam Ng had knowledge of ATHI's prior use.
At trial, ATHI introduced a sales invoice dated May 4, 2009, showing its predecessor's sale of Tibetan Baicao Tea to a national distributor in San Francisco. ATHI Trial Ex. 4.
Shirley Lee, a founder and the president of ATHI, credibly testified at trial that, through that national distributor, ATHI's tea, bearing the disputed marks, was sold in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco as early as May 4, 2009, and thereafter expanded to other places:
Q. Mrs. Lee, can you tell us when's the very first time that the Tibetan baicao tea was sold?
A. Year 2009, May 4th.
* * * * * *
Q. Can you describe where did you sell the product to?
A. New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, that's all.
Q. This is for the beginning of time? You have other places you continued selling the product?
A. Yes.
Lee Direct, Trial Tr. vol. 1, 51:21–23, 56:17–21, Mar. 24, 2014.
The 2009 sales comprised “Approximately 5,000 boxes,” Id. at 52:5.
While Kam Ng testified at trial that she sold tea in New York using the name “Tibetan Baicao Tea” in December 2009 (Ng Direct, Trial Tr. vol. 3, 235:6–25, Mar. 26, 2014), she stated that she did not begin using the design marks on her tea packaging until November or December 2010:
Q. Did those shipments from Mr. Ou contain an image on it of a scroll and teacup?
A. No.
* * * * * *
Q. When did you first start to sell Tibetan baicao tea in a package containing the scroll and teacup design that I just showed you, that you had received from Mr. Ou?
A. It was by the end of 2010, between either November or December.
Id. at 238:24–239:1, 241:5–9.
Ms. Ng testified that as early as March 2009, she sold tea she received from a Tibetan medical student, but not that those sales made use of any packaging bearing the disputed marks:
Q. When did you first come in contact with Baicao Tea?
A. I believe it was on March 1st, 2009.
* * * * * *
Q. Who brought it to your attention?
A. One student who was learning Tibetan medicine.
* * * * * *
Q. And what information did you get about Tibetan Baicao Tea?
A. I only got the tea bags without the box.
* * * * * *
Q. I'm referring to the date that you say you first started selling the Tibetan Baicao Tea that you received from Mr. Ou.
A. I sold Mr. Ou's tea in December 2009, but on March 1st of 2009 I sold the tea that the student who learned Tibetan medicine gave me.
Id. 222:2–2–3, 222:10–11, 222:22–23, 236:15–20
Ms. Ng produced no documentary evidence of those sales.
Ms. Ng introduced invoices from a distributor in China, dated August 18, 2010 and September 7, 2010, that she testified were for her purchase of Tibetan Baicao Tea, although the invoices did not identify Tibetan Baicao Tea as the purchased item, but rather described the contents of the shipment to Ms. Ng as “seafood dry-cargo.” See Kam Ng Trial Ex. H, I; Ng Direct, Trial Tr. vol. 3, 229:2–235:6, March 26, 2014. She also introduced her application to the New York State Department of State for trademark protection for the disputed marks. That application stated that her first use of the marks in commerce was March 2010. See Kam Ng Trial Ex. J; Ng Direct, Trial Tr. vol. 3, 250:6–251:22, March 26, 2014.
Upon my appraisal of the documentary evidence as a whole, and the credible and germane testimony, the conclusion is inevitable that ATHI began selling its tea, bearing the disputed marks, in New York City in May 2009, before Kam Ng began selling her produce bearing such marks there.
Kam Ng protests that she was not aware of ATHI's sales in New York. But I take judicial notice that New York's Chinatown is a small market, and I find that Kam Ng's offer and sale of her product “in a green box that was substantially similar” to ATHI's predecessor's box (Kam Ng's April 21, 2014 Br. 2), seven months after ATHI's entry into that market was the result, not of coincidence, but of copying. Furthermore, Ms. Ng has no common law right to the disputed marks because ATHI's predecessor used the disputed marks in New York first.
Accordingly, Kam Ng's innocent prior user defense is rejected on the merits.
The motion for an injunction (Dkt. No. 45) is therefore granted, as follows.
Injunction
Having reviewed the papers before it, and being fully advised, the Court permanently restrains and enjoins Kam Ng, C & L International Trading Inc., Kang Li Trading Inc., and K & C International Trading Inc. (“Defendants”), each of them, and their agents, servants, employees, attorneys, and all others in active concert or participation with Defendants, from:
1. Engaging in any conduct which violates the Stipulated Order for Temporary Relief (Dkt. No. 23) entered by this Court on May 14, 2013, and the continued ceasing of product sales bearing the so called “old packaging” (see Dkt. No. 34);
2. Making any statement or representation whatsoever which claims ownership of or disparages ATHI's product branding or packaging by referring to it as “old,” “former,” or equivalent;
3. Using any of American Tibetan Health Institute, Inc.'s copyrighted material contained in Registration No. VA 1–855–049;
4. Using any of American Tibetan Health Institute, Inc.'s copyrighted material contained in Registration No. VA 1–879–630;
5. Using American Tibetan Health Institute, Inc.'s trademark U.S. Reg. No. 4330639, or any other confusingly similar mark in any manner, on their goods;
6. Using American Tibetan Health Institute, Inc.'s trademark U.S. Reg. No. 4330640, or any other confusingly similar mark in any manner, on their goods;
7. Using American Tibetan Health Institute, Inc.'s trademark U.S. Reg. No. 4330569, or any other confusingly similar mark in any manner, on their goods;
8. Using American Tibetan Health Institute, Inc.'s trademark U.S. Reg. No. 3943436, or any other confusingly similar mark in any manner, on their goods;
9. Using American Tibetan Health Institute, Inc.'s trademark U.S. Application Serial No. 85/894,301, or any other confusingly similar mark in any manner including horizontal or vertical layout of same or similar font and characters, on their goods;
10. Using American Tibetan Health Institute, Inc.'s trademark U.S. Application Serial No. 85/939,652, or any other confusingly similar mark in any manner, on their goods;
11. Using American Tibetan Health Institute, Inc.'s Tibetan Baicao Tea packaging trade dress, including any other confusingly similar green color, on the packaging of their goods;
12. Selling or offering to sell, manufacturing, supplying, distributing, making, or importing into the United States any product named, marked or labelled or otherwise identified as “Tibetan Baicao Tea” or “Baicao Tea” in English or any foreign equivalent;
13. Selling or offering to sell, manufacturing, supplying, distributing, making, or importing into the United States any product bearing the Baicao mark;
14. Selling or offering to sell, manufacturing, supplying, distributing, making, or importing into the United States any product bearing the word “baicao” in any language, including but not limited to English, Chinese, or Tibetan transliterations;
15. Making any statement or representation whatsoever, or using any false designation of origin or false description, or performing any act, which may or is likely to lead the trade or public, or individual members thereof, to believe that any products manufactured, imported, distributed, or sold by Defendants are in any manner associated or connected with American Tibetan Health Institute, Inc., or are sold, manufactured, licensed, sponsored, approved or authorized by ATHI.
It is further ORDERED that the United States Marshal for this District, on the request of, by arrangement with, and assisted by one or more attorneys or representatives of American Tibetan Health Institute, Inc., is hereby authorized and directed to seize, impound, and deliver for destruction to American Tibetan Health Institute, Inc. or its representatives any and all goods bearing American Tibetan Health Institute, Inc.'s trademarks U.S. Reg. No. 4,330,639, Reg. No. 4,330,640, Reg. No. 4,330,569, U.S. Application Serial No. 85/894,301, or U.S. Application Serial No. 85/939,652 (“Goods Bearing ATHI's Marks”), as well as advertising or marketing materials for the same and any means for making the same, the books and records (including computer tapes or disks) relating thereto, and the containers in which the same are held or transported, which Defendants sell or attempt to sell, employing whatever reasonable force is necessary under the circumstances to carry out the seizure, including that necessary to enter the premises owned, leased, or controlled by the Defendants, and/or such other locations and things to be searched where Goods Bearing ATHI's Marks and business records relating thereof may be found, and to inspect the contents of any rooms, vehicles, closets, cabinets, containers, cases, desks, computers, databases, and software or documents located in the areas under the control of the Defendants.
To enforce compliance with this Order, the attorneys for American Tibetan Health Institute, Inc. or their designee will accompany the Marshal and those persons working under his supervision, and the Marshal shall inventory items so seized. Such items shall be in the constructive possession of the Marshal although they shall be released to the custody of the attorneys for American Tibetan Health Institute, Inc. or stored at location(s) to be designated by the attorneys of American Tibetan Health Institute, Inc. All products, means of making the product, packaging for the product, and other items seized shall be appropriately tagged to permit identification. Defendants shall be given a receipt therefor. Such products seized shall be made available for inventory or inspection by any party or its counsel during normal business hours.
Anyone interfering with the execution of this Order is subject to arrest by the Marshal or his representative.
Counsel for American Tibetan Health Institute, Inc., on whose behalf the Court issues this Order, will act as a substitute custodian of any and all property seized pursuant to this Order and shall hold harmless the Marshal from any and all claims, arising from any acts, incidents, or occurrences in connection with the seizure and possession of the Defendants' property, including any third party claims.
When executing the seizure and impoundment provisions of this Order, the Marshal shall serve only a copy of this Order by leaving it at the usual places of business of the Defendants, or any agent of the Defendants, or at the place where Goods Bearing ATHI's Marks are found, with any person of suitable age and discretion.
American Tibetan Health Institute, Inc.'s attorneys or agents shall promptly inspect all items seized, and if any items are found to not be Goods Bearing ATHI's Marks, such items shall be returned to Defendants within fifteen business days after the date this Order is executed.
So ordered.