Opinion
(December Term, 1833.)
A limitation over, of slaves, after a bequest for life, upon the executor's assent to the legacy, becomes a vested legal estate, which may be assigned, and which can not be destroyed by any act of the legatee for life.
This was an action of TROVER for the value of several slaves, and was tried in LINCOLN, at Fall Term, 1831, before his Honor, Judge Daniel.
Devereux for the plaintiff.
Badger for the defendant.
Walter Pollard by his will, made in 1768, bequeathed three negroes to Morris Roberts and his wife during their lives, and after their death, to Joshua, Martin, Mary, Susan and Jane Roberts, and the defendant, equally to be divided between them. The plaintiff intermarried with Mary, one of the legatees in remainder, and in 1805, by a deed executed by himself and his wife, and reciting a consideration paid, of one hundred and fifty dollars, the payment of which was proved on the trial, conveyed their share of the slaves to William Magness, who died intestate in 1816, and the defendant administered. In 1828, Morris Roberts, the survivor of the legatee for life, died, and in 1819, the plaintiff and defendant with the other persons named in the bequest over, by deed, reciting that questions had arisen about the division, and about certain allowances in respect of the slaves, appointed certain persons as arbitrators to settle those questions, and to allot and divide the slaves, which had then increased to a large number. This deed was executed by the defendant for himself, and also for the plaintiff, who resided in Indiana, under a power of attorney, constituting him the plaintiff's agent. The negroes were divided by the persons appointed, at which time the defendant was present, and stated that the plaintiff and wife had given a bill of sale for their interest in the negroes many years before, that he knew of its execution at the time, but it was lost, and he could neither find the bill of sale itself, nor the entry of it on the register's book. The slaves allotted to the plaintiffs, were delivered to the defendant and received by him as the plaintiff's agent, and were by him, shortly after, hired out; (82) he declaring that he did not well know whether they belonged to the plaintiff, or his intestate Magness, as neither the bill of sale or the registration of it could be found. Some time afterwards, it was discovered upon a more particular search of the register's book, that the bill of sale had been registered, and therefore, the defendant claimed the slaves as administrator of Magness, and refused to deliver them up to the plaintiff. On the trial, it was contended that the bill of sale did not pass anything to Magness, because the interest in the slaves was at its execution, a mere possibility which the husband could not assign, and also that the defendant having received possession as the agent of the plaintiffs, was estopped to deny his title. On both these questions, the presiding Judge was of opinion against the plaintiff, and directed a verdict for the defendant, and the plaintiff appealed.
The nature of the interests passed by the bequest of a chattel to one for life, with a limitation over to another, has been very fully discussed at the bar, in this case. The Court, however, does not feel called on to enter into the ancient learning upon the subject, because we consider the question entirely settled by repeated adjudications through a long series of years in this State, and if we should draw the conclusions from the law, for which the counsel for the plaintiff has contended, we should still be compelled to obey his own decisions.
There can be no doubt that it has long been received here as law, that such a bequest of slaves is good by way of executory devise, to vest, upon the assent of the executor, the legal estate in the taker for life, with a legal remainder over. Many actions have been brought at law by the tenant for life, and also after his death by the remainder man, and during the life of the tenant for life, many bills have been filed by the remainder man upon his title as a legal one, for a ne exeat. (83) The ulterior limitation has never been considered as creating a mere equity, which would be defeated by a sale without notice; but as a vested legal interest which could not be destroyed by any act of the first taker.
In Dunwooddie v. Carrington, 49 N.C. 355, it is laid down that the assent of the executor to the legacy for life, is an assent to that in remainder by way of executory devise. In Ingram v. Terry, 9 N.C. 122, the same doctrine is stated; and a bill by one taking an interest in the nature of a remainder, against the first taker as his trustee, was dismissed upon the ground that the title was a legal one, and that the remedy was at law. In Alston v. Foster, 16 N.C. 337, a bill was brought by remainder men, upon their title as a legal one by the assent of the executor, and relief granted upon that ground. And in Jones v. Zollicoffer, 4 N.C. 645, the same character was given to the interest of a remainder man. That was as strong a case as it could be. The plaintiffs filed the bill for the recovery of the issue of certain slaves bequeathed to the widow of the testator for life, with remainder over to the plaintiffs and others and for a division of them. Zollicoffer purchased one of them from the widow who was also executrix, and relied upon that, and want of notice. The case was several times argued upon petitions to rehear, and a bill of review, and the decision of the Court was upon two occasions given, once by Judge HENDERSON and again by Judge SEAWELL, that the defendant's purchase did not protect him, because the widow had assented to the legacy to herself, and held as legatee when she sold, which vested a legal remainder under the ulterior limitation, against which the equity of a purchaser without notice could not prevail.
The interest of the plaintiff's wife therefore, was neither an equity nor a mere possibility, but a vested remainder in a chattel not consumed in the use, and therefore capable of assignment.
It is objected, however, that it did not pass by the husband's assignment. I believe that at law the rule is, that the (84) husband may assign every chattel interest of the wife, whether immediate or expectant, which from its nature would be legally transferable, were the interest the husband's in his own right, with the exception of property so limited to the wife as that it cannot possibly fall into possession during the coverture. It is so laid down in the best authorities (3 Thomas Coke, 333, note m. 1 Roper, Property, 236). But if this would not be so as against the wife, had the husband died while the interest was yet expectant, and she had survived, yet in the event which has happened, namely, that both have lived until the life estate expired, and the remainder has been reduced into possession, the assignment is valid against the husband as a conveyance.
It has been also contended for the plaintiff, that the defendant is estopped to deny the plaintiff's title by acting as his agent in the division of the negroes, and taking possession in that character, of his share. It is generally true, that he who acquires possession under another shall not deny the title of him under whom he holds, so as to prevent her from reassuming the possession. But this, as is said by Chief Justice HENDERSON in Yarborough v. Harris, 14 N.C. 40, is not upon the strict principles of an estoppel, but upon one of morality and good faith analogous to it, and ought not to be adhered to, when it would work injustice, and especially to the right of third persons, the duty of protecting which has not been officiously assumed by the party, but has been confided to him by the law. Whether indeed it can, apply in any case but one in which the landlord or bailor is seeking the possession of the thing, and the possession only, may admit of some question, as in action of detinue or ejectment. For even strict estoppels cease with the estate to which they are annexed; and after the party bound by them surrenders the possession, he is remitted to his ancient right, and can enforce it by action. The estoppel, or principle in the nature of an estoppel, of which we are here speaking, grows out of the acquisition of the possession, and would seem to be confined to controversies for the possession. If it should be applied to the present action of trover, in which the plaintiff seeks to recover the full value of the property as damages for a conversion (85) of it, the rule would work the grossest injustice; for the plaintiff would then be paid, not for what upon this principle, he has a right to demand from the defendant, namely, the mere naked possession of slaves, but for the full value, and the defendant would be concluded; for neither in his own right, nor as administrator, could he have an action for the money. I do not think that a rule, the object of which is to compel the observance of honesty and good faith should be perverted to a purpose of so much wrong. It is not strictly true either, that the defendant acquired the possession under the plaintiff; for they were tenants in common and had a previous joint possession. And it seems to me, that taking all the acts of the defendant, together with his declaration at the time, that he assumed of his accord, a nominal agency for the plaintiff, so as to act in his name for the purposes of a division, but taking possession of the share in severalty, to be held according to the right, as it should afterwards turn out. It is like the common case of one acting under an irrevocable letter of attorney coupled with an interest. He uses the principal's name necessarily; but as the purpose of it is seen by a reference to the authority, he is not estopped to deny that he used it for the benefit of the principal, but may show that it was for his own. Here, the defendant at the very time of the division and taking possession, asserted the title of Magness, but said that he was unable to produce the evidence of it; and therefore did not know whether the negroes belonged to the plaintiff or to himself as the administrator of Magness, and with that uncertainty hired them out, until the owner could be ascertained.
But upon the authority of Yarborough v. Harris, 14 N.C. 40, the principle must be held not to be applicable to a case of this kind, in which the defendant is acting in auter droit and justifies a conversion, which consists altogether in merely withholding the slaves, by showing that they are the property of others and that it is a duty of an officer conferred on him by the law, so to withhold them.
PER CURIAM. Judgment affirmed.
Cited Saunders v. Gatling, 21 N.C. 94; Fortescue v. Satterthwaite, 23 N.C. 571; Etheridge v. Bell, 27 N.C. 88; Howell v. Howell, 38 N.C. 527; Acheson v. McCombs, Ib., 555; Weeks v. Weeks, 40 N.C. 120; Sain v. Gaither, 72 N.C. 235; Farmer v. Pickens, 83 N.C. 552; Pate v. Turner, 94 N.C. 55; McKoy v. Guirkin, 102 N.C. 23.
(86)