Opinion
June 8, 1970.
September 18, 1970.
Innkeepers — Liability for goods and baggage of guests — Common law liability strict and absolute, not based on negligence — Loss explained and known — Loss resulting from forceable taking when guest was in his room — Assumption of risk of loss or theft by lack of due care of possessions — Absolution from common law liability by Act of June 12, 1913, P.L. 481 — Failure of innkeeper to post copy of pertinent section of Act — Guest registration book or cards notifying guests of availability of safe — Knowledge of guests of availability of safe — Strict construction of Act — Pleadings — Extent of guest's loss — Question for jury.
1. Under the common law, an innkeeper's liability for the goods and baggage of his guests is strict and absolute, not based on negligence.
2. Under the common law, the innkeeper's liability is not limited to cases where the loss is unexplained or not known.
3. Under the common law, the innkeeper's liability extends not only to a loss occurring when the guest is not in his room but also to a forceable taking when the guest is in his room.
4. In this case, defendant's contention, that plaintiff negligently contributed to his own loss by opening the window through which the burglar had gained access by forceably prying open the screen, thereby assuming the risk of loss or theft by lack of due care of his possessions, was Held to be without merit.
5. An innkeeper who fails to post a copy of § 1 of the Act of June 12, 1913, P.L. 481, is not absolved by the Act from his common law liability.
6. Neither the fact that the guest registration card advises a guest of the availability of a safe for the storage of guests' valuables, nor the fact that a guest is accustomed to staying overnight in public places and knows of the availability of a safe, nor the fact that at the time of his registration a guest has no desire to store anything in the safe can take the place of compliance with the requirements specifically provided in the Act of 1913.
7. The Act of 1913, being in derogation of the common law, must be strictly construed.
8. In this case, it was Held that the factual issue as to how plaintiff's loss occurred was removed from the case by the pleadings.
9. It was Held that defendant was entitled to have, as requested, a jury pass upon the extent of plaintiff's loss; accordingly, the order of the court below granting plaintiff's motion for a summary judgment was affirmed and the record was remanded for the purpose of trial restricted to a determination of the amount of plaintiff's loss.
Before WRIGHT, P.J., WATKINS, MONTGOMERY, JACOBS, HOFFMAN, SPAULDING, and CERCONE, JJ.
Appeal, No. 1385, Oct. T., 1969, from order of Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County, No. 67-522, in case of H. George Buck v. Moe Henry Hankin et al. Order affirmed and record remanded.
Trespass.
Order entered granting motion by plaintiff for summary judgment, opinion by LOWE, J. Defendants appealed.
Joseph P. Phelps, Jr., for appellants.
George C. Corson, Jr., with him Albert C. Oehrle, Jr., for appellee.
Argued June 8, 1970.
Plaintiff, H. George Buck, was a paying guest of the defendant George Washington Motor Lodge on October 22, 1965, when, at sometime after midnight, while he was in bed in the room assigned him, he was awakened by the noise of an intruder in his room. Plaintiff was instructed to remain still and to turn his back while he, the night prowler, pulled the phone from the wall and escaped with plaintiff's cash, a ring and watch. A screen on the window nearest the door was found to have been pried open and apparently had provided the means of the thief's ingress.
Plaintiff instituted a suit in trespass against the Motor Lodge for the total amount of $2,098, alleging that a ring valued at $1,955, a watch of $45 and cash of $98 were taken.
After Interrogatories filed by plaintiff, to which defendant filed Answers, and after plaintiff's deposition, plaintiff filed a Motion for Summary Judgment under Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure No. 1035(b), which motion was granted by the court en banc. This appeal by the defendant Motor Lodge from the Summary Judgment followed.
"The judgment sought shall be rendered if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law."
The questions presented to us are: (1) whether or not the Motor Lodge can be held liable for plaintiff's loss under the common law; (2) whether or not defendant's compliance with the Act of June 12, 1913, P.L. 481, § 1, as amended, 37 P. S. § 61, absolves it of common law liability; and (3) whether or not there are any factual issues which defendant is entitled to have determined by a jury in the event defendant is subject to common law liability.
Is the Motor Lodge liable under the common law? A reading of the leading cases on the subject of an innkeeper's common law liability reveal that it was regarded as strict and absolute, not based on negligence. As early as 1869, our Supreme Court in Houser v. Tully, 62 Pa. 92 (1869) reasoned: "The liability of an innkeeper arises from the nature of his employment. He holds out a general invitation to travellers to come to his house, and he receives a reward for his hospitality. The law, in return, imposes on him corresponding duties, one of which is, to protect the property of those whom he receives as guests. Clute v. Wiggins, 14 John. 175." A few years later, in Walsh v. Porterfield, 87 Pa. 376 (1878), the Court quoted approvingly the following charge of the lower court: "At common law a hotelkeeper or innkeeper was liable at all events for the goods and baggage of his guests. He held himself out as an innkeeper, and was required by law to receive all persons coming and desiring lodgings, and upon him was imposed the duty of strict care of the property of his guests whilst in his hotel. That law is the same today as it was years ago, except where it has been modified by our Acts of Assembly. . . . It was in fact insuring, as it were, the safety of the property of guests, and it was immaterial ( if a loss occurred or property was stolen whilst the guest was in the hotel) by whom it was stolen, unless it was by the guest's own servant or a fellow guest of the party who was robbed or, the negligence of the guest; and however vigilant the landlord might have been he was responsible to the party losing the property. That was the common-law liability. He was practically an insurer of the safety of the property whilst the guest remained in his house." (Emphasis supplied) The law as so stated has been followed through a long line of cases including: Shultz v. Wall, 134 Pa. 262, 19 A. 742 (1890); Turner v. Stafford, Whitaker and Keech, 9 Pa. Super. 83 (1898); Franchinia et al. v. Palumbo, 79 Pa. Super. 234 (1922); Kelly v. Milner Hotels, 176 Pa. Super. 316, 106 A.2d 636 (1954).
Defendant contends that at common law the innkeeper was liable only when the loss was unexplained or not known. The cases do not support this contention. It would be unreasonable to hold that common law liability ceases to exist when it can be proved how the loss occurred. Nor can proof that no negligence existed on the part of the innkeeper (which defendant contends is the case here) acquit the innkeeper from imposition of common law liability so clearly enunciated to be strict and absolute.
It could be here noted that defendant in its Answers to plaintiff's Interrogatories stated "there was no watchman on duty", which statement, had it been necessary, could have been relied upon to show lack of reasonable care for the safety of the guests and their possessions.
Also, the defense seems to imply that common law liability extends to a loss occurring when the guest is not in his room but does not extend to a forcible taking when the guest is in his room. With this view we cannot agree. A guest is entitled to the protection of his goods which the common law affords him whether or not he is in the room at the time the goods are stolen, as indicated in Walsh v. Porterfield, supra, where the Supreme Court, as already shown, quoted approvingly the lower court's charge to that effect.
We would agree that plaintiff could not recover if he had assumed the risk of loss or theft by lack of due care with his own possessions. However, we cannot find any facts in this case indicating such conduct by plaintiff which would require submission of such an issue to a jury. On this point, we do not accept defendant's contention that plaintiff negligently contributed to his own loss by opening the window through which the burglar had gained access by forcibly prying open the screen.
The defendant cannot escape responsibility from the common law liability of an innkeeper by seeking refuge in the Act of June 12, 1913, P.L. 481, § 1, as amended, 37 P. S. § 61, which provides: "No innkeeper . . . who constantly has in his inn or hotel . . . a metal safe or suitable vault, in good order and fit for the custody of money, bank notes, jewelry, articles of gold and silver manufacture . . . and who keeps on the doors of the sleeping rooms used by guests suitable locks or bolts, and on the transoms and windows of said rooms suitable fastening, and who keeps a copy of this section, printed in distinct type, constantly and conspicuously posted, in not less than ten conspicuous places in all, in said hotel or inn, shall be liable for the loss or injury suffered by any guest. . . ." (Emphasis supplied) In its Answer to Supplementary Interrogatories, defendant clearly stated that "nowhere within the George Washington Motor Lodge, at the time alleged in Plaintiff's complaint, was there known to be posted a copy of [the pertinent Section of the aforementioned Act] . . . [T]he guest registration, signed by all guests, specifically notifies of the management's promises of a safe . . . for the storage of valuables." However, defendant did not comply with the requirements of the Statute and therefore remained in the domain of common law liability. Neither the fact that the guest registration card advised of the availability of the safe nor the fact that plaintiff was accustomed to staying overnight in public places and should have known of the availability of a safe, can take the place of compliance with the requirements specifically provided in the Act of 1913. That Act, being in derogation of the common law, must be strictly construed. Esterly's Appeal, 54 Pa. 192 (1867). Nor does plaintiff's statement in his deposition that at the time of his registration he had no desire to store anything in the safe restrict defendant's common law liability. Only compliance by defendant with the 1913 statute would have that effect, and since defendant's answers to plaintiff's interrogatories admit there was no compliance with the statutory requirement there is no absolution for defendant from common law liability.
Defendant claims it is entitled to have a jury pass upon the plaintiff's explanation as to how he sustained his loss. However, in its answers to plaintiff's interrogatories, defendant stated: "Entry appeared to be obtained by means of forcible entry and thereafter an armed robbery took place." By this answer defendant removed the factual issue as to how the loss occurred.
Defendant, however, is entitled to have, as it requests, a jury pass upon the extent of the plaintiff's loss. In his deposition plaintiff substantiated the value of the stolen ring by introducing a written appraisal of a gemologist. Plaintiff stated that the watch was a "cheap electric watch", not yet a year old, for which he had paid $39.95 plus tax. He stated that $98.00 was taken from his wallet but that a $50.00 bill he had in another compartment of his wallet was not taken. If the defendant wishes to refute this testimony as to the value of plaintiff's loss, or to have a jury pass upon it, the defendant is entitled to a trial on these matters, as the trial judge has ordered.
Accordingly, the order of the court below is affirmed and the record is remanded for the purpose of trial restricted to a determination of the amount of plaintiff's loss.