Opinion
No. 30459.
March 6, 1933.
1. HOMICIDE.
Verdict of coroner's jury is not binding on defendant charged with murder of person found to have died from unnatural causes (Code 1930, sections 638-654).
2. CRIMINAL LAW. Homicide.
Admitting verdict of coroner's jury finding death was by violent means held prejudicial error, because denying defendant right to be confronted by witnesses (Code 1930, sections 638-654; Constitution 1890, section 26).
APPEAL from Circuit Court of Smith County.
W.H. Hughes, of Jackson, and J.D. Martin, of Raleigh, for appellant.
The record in this case shows that some time in August, 1932, one J.D. Austin, acting as coroner, organized a jury of inquest to make inquiry and investigation as to how, by what means and by whom this infant child came to its death. The state district attorney first asked Mr. Austin, the justice of the peace who conducted the trial by the inquest jury, the names of the jurors who composed the jury, and their names were all given for the information of the jury who tried the appellant for his life, over the protest of the appellant. Then the justice of the peace was asked if the jury was regularly empanelled as the law directs, and if it inquired into the death of this child, and answered both questions in the affirmative. Then the district attorney asked the justice of the peace to read the verdict of the jury to the trial jury, which he did over the protest of the appellant, and the verdict of the inquest jury was in the following language, to-wit: "We, the jury sitting in inquiry over the body of the infant child find that said infant child came to its death by foul and violent means, at the hands of unknown person or persons."
Over the protest of the appellant the entire record of the jury of inquiry was offered as evidence in the case. The introduction of the verdict of the jury composing the inquiry, against the appellant, was in the teeth of the constitutional rights guaranteed to the appellant under section 26 of the state Constitution, that provides that the "accused shall be confronted by the witnesses against him."
In cases of homicide the general rule is that the finding of a coroner or the verdict of a coroner's jury as to the manner and cause of the death of the deceased is not admissible in evidence for any purpose.
6 R.C.L. 1172, sec. 9; Farkas v. State, 60 Miss. 847. W.D. Conn, Jr., Assistant Attorney-General, for the state.
Appellant contends that this conviction must be reversed because the trial court allowed the verdict of the coroner's jury to be introduced and read in evidence, as well as allowing the record of the whole inquest to be laid before the jury.
This court seems never to have passed on this direct question.
There is a minority rule, supported principally by the Louisiana court, that the inquest of the coroner and jury may be introduced on a trial for homicide for any purpose, but even in this state it seems to be limited to mere proof of the death of the deceased.
State v. Parker, 7 La. Ann. 83; State v. Johnson, 10 La. Ann. 457; State v. Evans, 27 La. Ann. 297; State v. Roland, 38 La. Ann. 19.
Under section 26 of our state Constitution an accused is guaranteed the right to be confronted by the witness against him, so that he may cross-examine him as to his testimony and, it seems to me, from the general authorities on the subject, that it was error on the part of the trial judge to allow the verdict of the jury in this case, as well as the record of proceedings, to go to the jury.
But there was nothing contained in the verdict of the coroner and jury that had not already been shown by other witnesses for the state and it, therefore, appears to me that error, if any, in admitting this verdict, did not have the effect of prejudicing any of the substantial rights of appellant and should be considered by the court as harmless error. For harmless errors, committed at the trial of an accused, this court will not reverse a conviction, such holding being sustained by a long line of cases and so well established that it appears to be unnecessary to refer either the court or counsel to them.
Blackwell was tried in the circuit court of Smith county on a charge of murdering an unnamed infant born to Mrs. Mary Stearns Jernigan, and was convicted and sentenced to serve a life term in the state penitentiary.
As we have determined that this case must be reversed and remanded for another trial, we deem it unnecessary to set forth in detail a statement of the facts and circumstances of the case.
The evidence to sustain the conviction rests almost entirely upon the testimony of Mary Stearns Jernigan, a woman twenty-seven years of age, not living with her husband. She lived with her father, mother, and brother, and on a certain afternoon in June, 1932, gave birth to a child. She charged that the appellant was the father of the child, and that he alone was present at the time of its birth, carried the living child away from her home, and, on the following morning, told her the child was dead. On August 18, 1932, the body of a fully matured child was found buried in the sand about seventy-five yards from her home. No witness would say that the dead child was the one born to Mrs. Jernigan.
There were facts adduced at the trial which, though "not so deep as a well nor so wide as a church door," were, in our opinion, sufficient to warrant the submission of the issue to the jury, and upon which the court was warranted in refusing to grant the peremptory instruction requested by the appellant. This peremptory instruction was requested on the ground that the state had not shown that the child in question was the identical child born to Mrs. Jernigan; that, if that fact was proven, it was not shown that it came to its death by a criminal agency, and, further, that the venue was not shown, that it was not shown that the child was killed in any particular county in the state of Mississippi.
In the course of the trial, one J.D. Austin was called as a witness for the state, and testified that he is a justice of the peace for that county, and that he caused to be held a coroner's inquest of the death of the infant at the grave thereof. The entire record of that inquest was introduced at the trial, and the verdict of the jury at the inquest was read in evidence which is as follows: "We, the jury, sitting in inquiry over the body of the infant child, find that said infant child came to its death by foul and violent means at the hands of unknown person or persons." This was signed by six members of the jury. When this verdict and record were offered in evidence, the defendant made seasonable objection thereto, which was overruled by the court.
The action of the court in permitting this verdict of the jury in the coroner's inquest held under chapter 15, Code of 1930, to be introduced at the trial, is assigned as being prejudicial error to the rights of the defendant.
Section 26 of the state Constitution of 1890, among other things, provides that, "In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have a right . . . to be confronted by the witnesses against him."
The statutory proceedings of a coroner's inquest are ex parte proceedings, and the findings of a coroner's jury, as indicated by the name, constitute an inquisition or inquiry into the cause of death of a particular individual. It is wholly ex parte. The verdict of a coroner's jury is not binding on the defendant on trial for the murder of a person found to have died from unnatural causes. It would be unfair to a defendant to permit him to be tried upon an ex parte or coroner's jury verdict. To do so would deprive a person on trial of the right of cross-examination, and of his right to be confronted by the witnesses whose testimony brought about his conviction. The verdict in the case at bar was based upon an investigation, and may or may not have been based on evidence receivable in courts of justice.
In the instant case, one sharply disputed point of inquiry was the identity of the infant in question, and whether or not it came to its death by a criminal agency. The case is largely circumstantial as to whether or not the infant born to Mrs. Jernigan was slain. The rule is stated in R.C.L. vol. 6, p. 1172, as a part of section 9, as follows:
In cases of homicide, the general rule is that the finding of a coroner, or the verdict of a coroner's jury as to the manner and cause of the death of the deceased, is not admissible in evidence for any purpose. The only object and result of a coroner's proceeding is to furnish prompt information which may guide the officers of the law in apprehending and prosecuting those who appear to have been connected with a supposed homicide, and by discovering the evidence by which it may be investigated; and, strictly speaking, it has no legal effect. The verdict and proceedings are therefore inadmissible in evidence in such a case, as to admit them to be used as evidence on the trial, to influence, perhaps to control, the verdict of the jury, would lead to the subversion and final overthrow of the jury system; whilst in nearly every case the rights of either the commonwealth or the accused would be inevitably prejudiced. See Smalls v. State, 101 Ga. 570, 28 S.E. 981, 40 L.R.A. 369; Colquit v. State, 107 Tenn. 381, 64 S.W. 713; Whitehurst v. Commonwealth, 79 Va. 556; Bass v. State, 29 Ark. 142; State v. Garth, 164 Mo. 553, 65 S.W. 275.
The Louisiana court seems to be in conflict with this general rule. It seems to be there held that the statute authorizing the use of the coroner's record before the grand jury would authorize its use before a trial jury. See State v. Duffy, 39 La. Ann. 419, 2 So. 184. But we do not analyze the Louisiana court's position, as we are not in accord with it, and prefer to adopt the rule which we believe to be generally controlling in this country, and which we deem fundamentally sound.
In response to the attorney-general's argument that the record of the coroner's inquest and the verdict of the jury were not prejudicial to the rights of the defendant, even though it may have been incompetent, we will say that his argument is without force in this case. This record was deadly, and one likely to influence the trial jury. It was certainly ex parte, the opinion of six men that the particular infant came to its death by foul and violent means, but it was calculated to turn the scale against the defendant in the minds of the trial jury upon a most vital issue in the case.
We cannot conceive of any hearsay testimony that would be more fatal than was the verdict of the coroner's jury submitted to the trial jury in the case at bar. It was highly prejudicial, and, in our opinion, denied him a constitutional right as indicated above.
Reversed and remanded.