Summary
Holding that Rule 54 applies but “strict application in the present instance conflicts with congressional intent in enacting § 406(b) and is impractical in light of the exigencies particular to postjudgment proceedings in Social Security cases.”
Summary of this case from Lackie v. O'MalleyOpinion
Nos. 05-14683, 05-14684 Non-Argument Calendar.
July 6, 2006.
Charles Lee Martin, Decatur, GA, Richard A. Culbertson, Law Office of Richard A. Culbertson, Orlando, FL, for Plaintiffs-Appellants.
Susan Roark Waldron, Tampa, FL, Mary Ann Sloan, Dennis R. Williams, Douglas Wilson, Reginald V. Speegle, Stephen Thompson, Atlanta, GA, for Defendants-Appellees.
Appeals from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida.
Before DUBINA, HULL and WILSON, Circuit Judges.
We VACATE our prior opinion in this case, issued on April 4, 2006, and replace it with the following opinion.
Does 42 U.S.C. § 406(b)(1)(A) permit an award of attorney's fees when a district court remands a case to the Commissioner of Social Security (Commissioner) for further proceedings, and the Commissioner subsequently awards the claimant past-due benefits on remand? This consolidated appeal presents us with an opportunity to answer this precise question definitively. We find that § 406(b)(1)(A) permits attorney's fees for past-due benefits after a remand.
BACKGROUND
Donald Bergen and James R. Taylor separately filed applications with the Social Security Administration (SSA) for disability benefits. Both of their claims were denied initially and on reconsideration, and they requested an administrative hearing. After an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) determined that they were not entitled to benefits because they were not disabled, they both filed their respective complaints in the district court seeking review of the Commissioner's final decision.
Richard Culbertson, a lawyer, represented both Bergen and Taylor. Both claimants entered into a contingency fee agreement with Culbertson providing for payment of a reasonable fee not in excess of 25 percent of the total of the past-due benefits to which they would become entitled by reason of a favorable judgment rendered in the district court.
In Bergen's case, the district court reversed the Commissioner's decision and remanded the case for further proceedings on the merits pursuant to sentence four of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). Bergen then filed a petition for an award of attorney's fees under the Equal Access to Justice Act (EAJA), 28 U.S.C. § 2412 which was granted. Subsequently, an ALJ entered a fully favorable decision awarding Bergen disability benefits, which entitled Bergen to past-due benefits as a result of his disability. But when Culbertson then filed his petition for authorization to charge a reasonable fee for representation before the district court pursuant to § 406(b), the district court denied the petition, finding that the statute does not permit an award of attorney's fees. The district court also found that even if the statute permitted an award of attorney's fees, the petition was not timely filed in compliance with Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(d)(2)(B) and M.D. Fla. Local R. 4.18.
Like Bergen, Taylor's case was also remanded to the Commissioner of Social Security after the district court reversed the Commissioner's decision under sentence four of § 405(g). Taylor also filed a petition for an award of attorney's fees under the EAJA but the district court denied the petition on the ground that the Commissioner's position was substantially justified. Taylor appealed this decision to this Court, after which the parties entered into a joint stipulation providing that Taylor was entitled to an award of attorney's fees under the EAJA, and the appeal was dismissed. Later, an ALJ entered a favorable decision awarding Taylor past-due disability benefits. But when Culbertson filed a petition for authorization to charge a reasonable fee for representation of Taylor before the district court pursuant to § 406(b), the district court denied the petition for the same reasons given to Bergen.
Bergen and Taylor then appealed the district court's denial of Culbertson's petition for attorney's fees pursuant to § 406(b), and we consolidated the cases for the purpose of this appeal.
DISCUSSION I.
To resolve this appeal, we are called upon to engage in an exercise of statutory interpretation. We review the district court's interpretation of a statute de novo. Stroup v. Barnhart, 327 F.3d 1258, 1260 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 1074, 124 S.Ct. 935, 157 L.Ed.2d 745 (2003). "[I]f the statute speaks clearly to the precise question at issue, we must give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress." Barnhart v. Walton, 535 U.S. 212, 217-18, 122 S.Ct. 1265, 1269, 152 L.Ed.2d 330 (2002) (internal quotations and citation omitted). However, "where Congress has not directly addressed the question at issue, the agency's determination of the statute should be accorded considerable weight . . . Courts, however need not accept an agency's interpretation that frustrates the underlying congressional policy." Shoemaker v. Bowen, 853 F.2d 858, 861 (11th Cir. 1988) (citations omitted).
The district court reasoned that 42 U.S.C. § 406(b) did not provide the court authority to award attorney's fees because its prior judgment did not amount to a victory for the claimants, but simply reversed and remanded their cases to the SSA for further consideration. As the district court literally reads the statute, an award of attorney's fees is unavailable unless its judgment entitles the claimant to an award of past-due benefits and includes an award of attorney's fees under § 406(b).
The statute provides:
Whenever a court renders a judgment favorable to a claimant under this subchapter who is represented before the court by an attorney, the court may determine and allow as part of its judgment a reasonable fee for such representation, not in excess of 25 percent of the total of the past-due benefits to which the claimant is entitled by reason of such judgment, and the Commissioner of Social Security may . . . certify the amount of such fee for payment to such attorney out of, and not in addition to, the amount of such past-due benefits.
Although we have never addressed the precise issue of whether § 406(b)(1)(A) authorizes an award of attorney's fees where the district court's judgment remanding the case to the Commissioner does not explicitly mention attorney's fees, we have noted that the congressional intent behind § 406(b) is, in part, "to encourage effective legal representation of claimants by insuring lawyers that they will receive reasonable fees directly through certification by the Secretary." Dawson v. Finch, 425 F.2d 1192, 1195 (5th Cir. 1970) (holding that a district court may not authorize an attorney to charge fees for representation in Court when the Commissioner has already authorized that attorney to charge fees for representation in administrative proceedings, and declining to reach the Secretary's contention that § 406(b) does not allow a Court to authorize attorney's fees unless it renders a judgment on the merits favorable to the claimant). We have also noted that one of § 406(b)'s goals is to protect claimants by limiting the amount attorneys may collect. See Shoemaker, 853 F.2d at 860-61 (holding that a district court may consider interim benefits received pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 423(g) in awarding attorney's fees under § 406(b)). Moreover, the Supreme Court has held that a remand from the district court to the SSA under sentence four of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), as happened here, is a favorable judgment for the claimant. See Shalala v. Schaefer, 509 U.S. 292, 301-02, 113 S.Ct. 2625, 2631-32, 125 L.Ed.2d 239 (1993).
Other circuits considering similar cases have unanimously held that § 406(b) allows a district court to authorize attorney's fees following a claimant's success on a sentence four remand to the SSA. See Rohrich v. Bowen, 796 F.2d 1030, 1031, (8th Cir. 1986). The 7th Circuit has held:
a court cannot usually "determine" the amount of the fee award at the time of the judgment or within ten days. Reading the statute as a whole, we do not believe that Congress meant that the only time at which fees could be awarded is the time of the judgment. By authorizing the attorney to be paid directly out of the claimant's past-due benefits, Congress intended to make it easier, not harder for attorneys to collect their fees. A more appropriate reading of § 406(b)(1) is that a judgment favorable to the claimant is merely a prerequisite to a fee award under the statute.
Smith v. Bowen, 815 F.2d 1152, 1155 (7th Cir. 1987) (per curiam). Contra McGraw v. Barnhart, 370 F.Supp.2d 1141, 1144 (N.D.Okla. 2005) ("A judgment which merely remands the action for further proceedings by the Social Security Administration does not equate to a claimant being entitled to past due benefits `by reason of' the Court's judgment."); but see McPeak v. Barnhart, 388 F.Supp.2d 742, 745-46 n. 2 (S.D.W.Va. 2005) ("[The McGraw court is] reading [§ 406(b)] too narrowly without considering the sorts of judgments which Congress has allowed Courts to make in social security cases."). Like the 7th Circuit, the 4th Circuit has held that § 406(b)(1) permits an award of attorney's fees when a remand results in an administrative award of benefits. Conner v. Gardner, 381 F.2d 497, 500 (4th Cir. 1967) ("To permit counsel to receive a reasonable fee for [services rendered in the district court] will not defeat [§ 406(b)'s] purpose, but will serve to advance it.")
We agree with our sister circuits' interpretation of the statute. Reading § 406(b)(1)(A) literally, as did the district court, would frustrate the underlying congressional policy of "encourag[ing] effective legal representation of claimants by insuring lawyers that they will receive reasonable fees directly through certification by the Secretary." Dawson, 425 F.2d at 1195; see also Shoemaker, 853 F.2d at 860-61. Limiting § 406(b) fees to cases in which the Court itself awards past-due benefits would also discourage counsel from requesting a remand in cases where it is appropriate.
Moreover, we, along with the other circuits, have generally assumed without addressing the issue that fees are available under § 406(b) because past-due benefits have been conspicuously awarded without objection by the SSA. See, e.g., McGuire v. Sullivan, 873 F.2d 974, 975 (7th Cir. 1989); Straw v. Bowen, 866 F.2d 1167, 1168-69 (9th Cir. 1989); Shoemaker, 853 F.2d at 859-61; MacDonald v. Weinberger, 512 F.2d 144, 145-46 (9th Cir. 1975). Under the weight of this authority, the SSA, in its brief on this appeal, does not oppose an award of reasonable attorney's fees under § 406(b).
The district court also reasoned that the availability of attorney's fees to a successful claimant under the subsequently enacted EAJA makes § 406(b) attorney's fees unnecessary. But EAJA fees are available only when the government's position is not "substantially justified." Thus, EAJA fees are not available every time a claimant prevails — only when the Commissioner's position lacks "a reasonable basis in law and fact." Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 566 n. 2, 108 S.Ct. 2541, 2550, 101 L.Ed.2d 490 (1988). In deciding the question before us, we are bound to consider the intent of Congress at the time that the statute was enacted and we note that Congress has not substantively amended § 406(b)(1)(A) since the EAJA was enacted in 1965. The Supreme Court concluded that Congress harmonized awards for attorney's fees under the EAJA with awards under § 406(b) by requiring the claimant's attorney "to refun[d] to the claimant the amount of the smaller fee." Gisbrecht v. Barnhart, 535 U.S. 789, 796, 122 S.Ct. 1817, 1822, 152 L.Ed.2d 996 (2002) (internal quotation and citations omitted, brackets in original).
We find that 42 U.S.C. § 406(b) authorizes an award of attorney's fees where the district court remands the case to the Commissioner of Social Security for further proceedings, and the Commissioner on remand awards the claimant past-due benefits.
II.
The district court alternatively found that even if § 406(b) permitted authorization of attorney's fees, Culbertson's petitions would not be granted because they were untimely filed pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(d)(2)(B) and M.D. Fla. Local R. 4.18(a). We agree with the Fifth Circuit that Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(d)(2) applies to a § 406(b) attorney's fee claim. Pierce v. Barnhart, 440 F.3d 657, 663-64 (5th Cir. 2006). To determine whether the petitions were timely requires deciding when the 14 day period for filing the petitions provided in the rules begins to run for a § 406(b) petition. Because the Commissioner has not objected to the timeliness of the attorney's fee petitions, we do not address this issue in this case and merely hold that the petitions were timely. Shepherd v. Apfel, 981 F.Supp. 1188, 1190 (S.D.Iowa 1997).
We disagree with the Seventh Circuit's holding in Smith v. Bowen, 815 F.2d 1152, 1156 (7th Cir. 1987) (per curiam) that only a "reasonable" time limit should apply, because this holding was based on a prior version of Fed.R.Civ.P. 54 that did not contain the 14 day time limit. McGraw v. Barnhart, 370 F.Supp.2d 1141, 1154 (N.D.Okla. 2005).
We note that the claimants could have avoided the confusion about integrating Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(d)(2)(B) into the procedural framework of a fee award under 42 U.S.C. § 406(b) by moving the district court for an extension of the 14 day period described in Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(d)(2)(B) when the district court remanded their case. See McGraw, 370 F.Supp.2d at 1155:
With respect to future social security actions, in accordance with the § 406(b) statutory language and the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, this Court believes that the best practice, in entry of a judgment for immediate entry of benefits, would be for the Plaintiff to request and the Court to include in the judgment a statement that attorneys fees may be applied for within a specified time after the determination of Plaintiff's past due benefits by the Commission.
CONCLUSION
We join the unanimous view of the Courts of Appeals that have addressed the issue to find that § 406(b) authorizes attorney's fees where a district court orders a remand to the Commissioner of Social Security for further proceedings, and the Commissioner awards benefits on remand. We further find that Culbertson's petition for attorney's fees was timely. Therefore, we vacate and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Because we are substituting this opinion for our prior opinion in this case, appellants' petition for rehearing is denied as moot.