; Coughlin v. Westinghouse Broad. & Cable, Inc., 689 F.Supp. 483, 489-490 (E.D. Pa. 1988); Berdell v. Wong, 46 N.E.3d 115 (Mass. App. Ct. 2016). Retraction might be probative of actual malice at the time of publication and might mitigate damages, Milsap v. Journal/Sentinel, Inc., 100 F.3d 1265, 1271 (7th Cir. 1996); Biro v. Condé Nast, 963 F.Supp.2d 255, 281 (S.D.N.Y. 2013), but failure to retract isn't its own defamation claim.
Gutierrez v. Mass. Bay Transp. Auth., 437 Mass. 396, 772 N.E.2d 552, 568 (2002) (quoting J.R. Nolan & L.J. Sartorio, Tort Law § 99, at 136 (2d ed. 1989) ); see also Berdell v. Wong, 46 N.E.3d 115 (table), 2016 WL 767610, at *3 (Mass. App. Ct. 2016) ("In order to establish a civil conspiracy, a plaintiff must show ‘a common design or an agreement, although not necessarily express, between two or more persons to do a wrongful act and, second, proof of some tortious act in furtherance of the agreement.’ " (quoting Aetna Cas. Sur. Co. v. P & B Autobody, 43 F.3d 1546, 1564 (1st Cir. 1994) ).