Opinion
No. 21548
Decided June 12, 1929.
Wills — Election to take — Widow's written election valid, when — Section 10571, General Code (111 O. L., 510) — Rights under will and law fully explained before election executed.
An election, manifested by a written instrument, signed and acknowledged by a widow pursuant to the provisions of Section 10571, General Code (111 O. L., 510), and entered upon the minutes of the probate court, is a valid election, if the provisions of the will and her rights under it, and under the law in the event of her refusal to take under the will, have been fully explained to her prior to the making of such election.
ERROR to the Court of Appeals of Knox county.
This action originated in the court of common pleas of Knox county, where the plaintiff in error filed a petition seeking to set aside and vacate an election made by her to take under the will of her husband, and asking that she be permitted to take the share of her husband's estate allowed to her by law. Answers were filed by the executor and legatees named in the will, joining issue with the plaintiff. The cause was heard by the trial court, which found the issues in favor of the defendants and dismissed the plaintiff's petition. Appeal was then taken to the Court of Appeals, which court likewise found the issues in favor of the defendants and dismissed the widow's petition. Error was thereupon prosecuted to this court.
The petition of the plaintiff below recited that she was the widow of James Bell, who died July 16, 1927, leaving a will which was probated on July 20 of the same year. The Bells had no surviving lineal heirs. This will devised to his widow a small homestead and a farm of 40 acres in fee, which was to be in lieu of her dower, distributive share in the testator's estate, and her year's support. After making bequests to twelve charitable institutions in the sum of $5,600, he bequeathed the residue of his estate, per stirpes, to the legal heirs of his deceased brothers and sisters, nominated S.E. Henry as one of his executors, and appointed a Mt. Vernon attorney to counsel and advise his executors upon all legal matters arising in the settlement of his estate.
The petition alleged that the testator's real estate was worth about $4,000, and that his personal estate, after payment of legacies and costs of administration, would amount to not less than $50,000, which, if distributed to the widow under the law, would give her not less than $15,000 in money. About 26 days after the probate of the will, to wit, on August 15, 1927, the widow signed and acknowledged before a notary public an application to elect to take under the will, in the following form:
"Application of Widow to Elect Under Will.
"To the Honorable Judge of said Court: The undersigned, Sarah Bell, widow of said James Bell, deceased, respectfully makes application to elect whether to take the provision made for me as such widow in the will of my said deceased consort, or to be endowed of his lands and take the distributive share of the personal estate.
"Dated this Fifteenth day of August, 1927.
"Sarah Bell.
"Election of Widow James Bell.
"I, Sarah Bell, widow of James Bell, late of Clay township, Knox county, Ohio, deceased, having had explained to me, by the Probate Court of said county, the provisions of the will of said decedent, the rights under it, and by law in the event of a refusal to take under the will; hereby elect to take the provisions made for me in the last will and testament of said James Bell, deceased, in lieu of being endowed of the lands of my deceased consort, and taking the distributive share of his personal estate.
"Sarah Bell, widow of James Bell, deceased."
This instrument, signed and acknowledged by the widow, was filed and recorded in the probate court on August 15, 1927. That court issued no citation to the widow to appear and make her election, nor was there any commission issued by the court to take her election as provided by statute.
The petition alleged that the exector named in the will persuaded the widow to sign the above paper writing, purporting to be her election to take under the will, but did not advise the widow of her rights accruing to her under the will, or under the law, and that he failed to explain the provisions of the will to her, or what her rights would be in the event of her refusal to take under it; that, while she received the sum of $4,000 under the will, had she taken under the law she would have received much more; that she had no information as to the value of her husband's personal or real estate, did not comprehend the provisions made for her in the will, and that the procuring of her signature to said purported election was prejudicial to her rights, and was void and of no legal effect. In her petition she alleged that her desire was to refuse to take under the will, and to take under the provisions allowed by the laws of descent and distribution of the state.
The separate answers of the defendants alleged that the Bells, husband and wife, in their lifetime agreed with each other whereby they were to dispose of their separate properties as each should desire without any intervening rights or claims of the other, denied that the terms of the will and her rights under the law were not fully explained to her, and asserted that on the contrary she signed and acknowledged the paper instrument purporting to take under the will of her own volition and with a full understanding of her rights in the premises, both under the will and under the law.
On January 25, 1928, while this cause was still pending in the common pleas court, Sarah Bell, the widow, appeared before the probate court, and requested that court to permit her to make an election, and that as widow she be permitted to take under the law. The probate judge declined her application, on the ground that, it appearing that a case was pending in the common pleas court to cancel and set aside the election, the probate court was without authority to change the written election previously filed and recorded therein.
Mr. E.M. Wickman and Mr. F.O. Levering, for plaintiff in error.
Mr. Columbus Ewalt and Messrs. Blair Blair, for defendants in error.
In instituting her proceeding in the court of common pleas to set aside and vacate her previous election, the plaintiff in error pursued the remedy recognized in the case of Mellinger v. Mellinger, 73 Ohio St. 221, 76 N.E. 615.
On January 25, 1928, while this case was still pending in the court of common pleas, the widow attempted, in the probate court, to retract her previous election to take under the will, and requested that she be permitted to take under the law. While in some jurisdictions the right of revocation of a previous election has been sustained, especially if the application therefor is made within the statutory period for election, in this state this right is given only by a court of equity. Davis v. Davis, 11 Ohio St. 386: "2. An election formally made and entered upon the journal at her instance, can not afterward, and within a year from the probate, be set aside by her at pleasure." The court in that case also holds that such election when made and recorded can be vacated only on petition to the court of common pleas or other court having equity jurisdiction.
In the aspect this case presents, we are asked to pass upon two questions, one of law and one of fact. We will deal with each of these separately.
It is conceded by this record that no citation was made by the probate court that the widow appear and elect whether she would take under the provisions of the will or under the law; nor was there any commission issued to any one to take the election of the widow under the provisions of Section 10573, General Code; nor did the widow, in fact, appear in the probate court, in person, to make her election under authority of Section 10570, General Code, by the terms of which that court is required to explain to her the provisions of the will and the rights of a relict resulting from the taking or the refusal to take under the will. On the other hand, it is not denied that the widow executed the paper writing purporting to take under the will. This instrument was duly signed, acknowledged, filed, and recorded in the probate court.
The legal question presented and argued by counsel for plaintiff in error is this: That, notwithstanding the enactment of Section 10571, General Code (111 O. L., 510), which became effective July 28, 1925, its adoption in no wise amends, repeals, or affects the provisions of Section 10570, General Code, requiring the appearance of the widow or widower in person before the probate court, and an explanation by that court of the will's provisions and of their rights in the testator's property under the will or under the law in the event of their refusal to take under the will. The argument advanced by counsel for plaintiff in error is that, although the widow's election may be manifested by a written instrument, signed, acknowledged, and filed in the probate court under the provisions of Section 10571, General Code, the preceding section still prevails, requiring that the widow appear in person before the probate court where the provisions of the will and her rights may be explained by the probate judge, and that such steps are sina qua non, even though her rights under the will and under the law were fully explained to her by others when she manifested her election under Section 10571, General Code. If no appearance be made before the probate court, Section 10571 provides: "The widow's or widower's election may be manifested by written instrument signed by such widow or widower, duly acknowledged and filed in the probate court within one year from the date of probate of the will of the deceased consort. In case such election is made in person in the manner specified in the preceding section, the same shall be entered upon the minutes of the court. If the widow or widower fails to make such election in person as provided in Section 10570, or by written instrument as provided herein, within the time limit provided by Sections 10567 and 10568 or within the time limit provided in this section, then it shall be deemed that she or he has elected to take under the will and she or he shall be bound accordingly and persons may deal with property of the decedent in accordance therewith."
The preceding section, Section 10570, General Code, reads: "The election of the widow or widower to take under the will shall be made in person, in the probate court of the proper county, except as hereinafter provided. On the application by a widow or widower to take under the will, the court shall explain its provisions, the rights under it, and by law in the event of a refusal to take under the will."
While it is true that Section 10571, General Code, does not say that an explanation of her rights is required to be made to the widow, it expressly alludes to the preceding section in providing that the election manifested by her written instrument, if made in person "in the manner specified in the preceding section," shall be entered upon the court's minutes; obviously the manner specified in the preceding section refers to the requirement for explanation, and it furthermore recognizes the validity of an election, whether made in person or by signed instrument, by stipulating that, if neither is availed of within the same time limit, the relict is deemed to have elected to take under the will. Furthermore, Section 10570, General Code, recognizes the alternative method of election by apt language providing that the election shall be made in person in the probate court, "except as hereinafter provided." Whether the election is manifested by written instrument, under Section 10571, General Code, or by personal appearance in the probate court, under the preceding section, the provisions of the will must, in either event, be fully explained to the widow, as well as her rights under it, or, under the law, in the event of her refusal to take under the will. It is evident that the legislative purpose was to make an absent election, signed and acknowledged, just as valid as one made before the probate court. Were we to construe these related sections as requiring an added duty of personal appearance before the probate court and further explanation by that court, the provisions of the later act — the amended act of 1925 — would be rendered fruitless and ineffective.
We are therefore of the opinion that the election under the amendment of 1925 is as valid, when entered upon the minutes of the court, as an election made under the provisions of the preceding section; but in either case, whether made before the probate judge in person or manifested by a written instrument, as in this case, the election may be set aside by an appeal to a court of equity on a showing of fraud in its procurement, or where the widow has not been made fully cognizant of her rights in case she takes under the provisions of the will, or, under the law, in the event of her refusal to take under the will.
The other question presented is one of fact. At the time she signed and acknowledged her written election, which was later filed in the probate court, were there full explanations made to the widow and was she apprised of her rights, under the will and under the law, so that she could make an intelligent choice? If she was without full knowledge of the condition of the estate and of her rights therein it cannot be said that she made a lawful election. This subject is fully discussed in the opinions in Mellinger v. Mellinger, supra, and Millikin v. Welliver, 37 Ohio St. 460, 466. Mrs. Bell at the time of her election was about 87 years of age; and it must be admitted that a greater caution should be exercised and fuller explanations made to a person of that advanced age than would ordinarily be made to one endowed with more acute and discerning mental faculties. There is a great conflict in the testimony as to the character and degree of explanations made to the widow prior to her election. It is undoubtedly true that, had she refused to take under the will, and had taken under the law, she would have received a greater portion of her husband's estate. On the other hand, there is testimony disclosing that the widow had a separate estate, and that, after having been made fully acquainted with her rights, she was content to abide by her husband's will and allow him to bequeath the larger portion of his own estate to those who were of his own blood.
The common pleas court, as well as the Court of Appeals, found the issues of fact in favor of the defendants and against the widow, and dismissed her petition. In its opinion the Court of Appeals said:
"The evidence shows that Sarah Bell had been fully advised as to her legal rights under the will of James Bell and under the law before she signed her written election to take under the will." The widow has had the advantage of two separate hearings, in each of which the courts, acting under their equity powers, refused to sustain her contention that she was not fully advised in the premises when her election was made on August 15, 1927. We do not review the weight of the evidence in cases of this character, where there is such a substantial conflict. We are therefore constrained to affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals.
Judgment affirmed.
MARSHALL, C.J., KINKIDE, ROBINSON, MATTHIAS and DAY, JJ., concur.