Opinion
A03A0634.
DECIDED: MAY 13, 2003
Wrongful termination of employment. Hall Superior Court. Before Judge Gosselin.
Orr Orr, E. Wycliffe Orr, for appellants.
Seyfarth, Shaw, Fairweather Geraldson, John F. Meyers, Latonya S. Moore, for appellees.
This is an interlocutory appeal filed by plaintiffs-appellants Damon E. Balmer, Durrelle Fauntleroy, Shannon L. Garrett, Karen R. Horowitz, Jose A. Quinones, Robin L. Riddle, and Cynthia T. Stewart, former employees of defendants-appellees Elan Corporation, PLC, Elan Holdings, Inc., and Elan Pharmaceutical Research Corporation ("Elan"). The appellants, whom Elan terminated from at-will employment on August 1, 2000, appeal, contending that the superior court erred in granting Elan's motion to dismiss their complaint for money damages insofar as it asserted wrongful discharge for breach of a promise-not-to-fire, promissory estoppel, and fraud. The appellants also challenge the trial court's order dismissing Elan Corporation, PLC from the suit for want of personal jurisdiction. These claims of error as without merit, we affirm.
The superior court denied the defamation count of the appellants' complaint.
A motion to dismiss should not be granted unless, upon viewing the pleadings in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, it appears to a certainty that the plaintiff would not be entitled relief under any state of facts which might be proved in support of plaintiff's claim. Bourn v. Herring, 225 Ga. 67, 70 ( 166 S.E.2d 89) (1969); Wehunt v. ITT Business Communications Corp., 183 Ga. App. 560, 561(2) ( 359 S.E.2d 383) (1987). Our review is de novo. Sidwell v. Sidwell, 237 Ga. App. 716, 717(1) ( 515 S.E.2d 634) (1999).
By their complaint, the appellants aver that, in 2000, Elan promised that they would not be discharged for cooperating with the Food and Drug Administration's ("FDA") inspection of Elan facilities in Gainesville that year. The appellants further aver that they cooperated with and provided truthful information to the FDA; that Elan thereafter fired them for providing the FDA with false information and withholding other information; and that Elan falsely told the FDA that they had been fired in that they had "deviated from procedures, despite their acknowledged training to the contrary." Held:
1. (a) Promise-not-to-fire. The appellants contend that the trial court erred in dismissing their wrongful discharge for breach of promise-not-to-fire claim. In effect, they argue the "freedom of contract" as a public policy exception to the general rule that at-will employment in Georgia may be terminated for any or no reason — that is, Elan here forfeited its immunity from liability for wrongful discharge upon its promise-not-to-fire, a contractual amendment of appellants' at-will employment.
Pursuant to OCGA § 34-7-1, an at-will employee generally may be terminated for any reason, and the employee may not recover from the employer in tort for wrongful discharge. Although there can be public policy exceptions to the doctrine, judicially created exceptions are not favored, and Georgia courts thus generally defer to the legislature to create them.
Reilly v. Alcan Aluminum, 272 Ga. 279, 279-280 ( 528 S.E.2d 238) (2000). At-will employees terminated in violation of public policy established by specific state or federal laws may pursue such statutory remedy, as appropriate, notwithstanding the provisions of OCGA § 37-7-1 as barring any recovery from the employer upon the termination of an at-will employee. Borden v. Johnson, 196 Ga. App. 288, 290 ( 395 S.E.2d 628) (1990), citing A. L. Williams Assoc. v. Faircloth, 259 Ga. 767, 769(3)(c), n. 4 ( 386 S.E.2d 151) (1990). However, unless our General Assembly has created a specific exception to OCGA § 37-7-1, an at-will employee has no viable state remedy in the form of a tort action for wrongful discharge against his or her former employer. "Courts may interpret laws, but may not change them. These inadequacies in our existing law, however, if they be such, cannot be supplied by the courts, and may only corrected by the General Assembly." (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Evans v. Bibb Co., 178 Ga. App. 139-140(1) ( 342 S.E.2d 484) (1986). The General Assembly not having enacted the "freedom to contract" as a public policy exception under OCGA § 37-7-1, a tort action for wrongful discharge on such basis, as here, does not lie. Evans v. Bibb Co., supra. Moreover, the instant oral promise-not-to-fire, as in essence not more than an oral contract of employment for an indefinite period of time, is terminable at will and not affected by the Statute of Frauds. Guinn v. Conwood Corp., 185 Ga. App. 41, 42(1) ( 376 S.E.2d 271) (1987).
(b) Promissory estoppel. The appellants argue promissory estoppel as applicable under the circumstances of this case, their detrimental reliance on Elan's promise-not-to-fire as sufficient to except their situation from the general rule as to the terminability of at-will employment. We disagree. The doctrine of promissory estoppel codified at OCGA § 13-3-44(a) has no application to enforce executory promises pertaining to employment for an indefinite term. Barker v. CTC Sales Corp., 199 Ga. App. 742, 743(2) ( 406 S.E.2d 88) (1991). The instant promise-not-to-fire as executory and for an indefinite term, such promise is unenforceable upon promissory estoppel doctrine. Id. Further, the appellants have shown no substantial change of position to their detriment in reliance upon the promise in issue. "Detrimental reliance which causes a substantial change in position will constitute sufficient consideration to support promissory estoppel. Mooney v. Mooney, [ 235 Ga. App. 117, 119(1) ( 508 S.E.2d 766) (1998)]." Clark v. Bird, 254 Ga. App. 826, 828(b) ( 564 S.E.2d 742) (2002).
(c) Fraud and deceit. Neither do appellants state a claim for relief upon the claim that they were defrauded by Elan's promise of lifetime employment. Although fraud can be predicated on a misrepresentation as to a future event where the defendant knows the future event will not take place, fraud cannot be predicated on a promise which is unenforceable at the time it is made. Cannon v. Geneva Wheel Stamping, Corp., 172 Ga. App. 20, 21 ( 322 S.E.2d 69) (1984). That the underlying employment contract was terminable at-will and unenforceable, Ely v. Stratoflex, 132 Ga. App. 569, 572(2) ( 208 S.E.2d 583) (1974), the promise-not-to-fire made thereon and challenged as fraudulent is not actionable as such. Id.; Johnson v. Marta, 207 Ga. App. 869, 870(1) ( 429 S.E.2d 285) (1993).
Accordingly, the trial court properly dismissed appellants' claims for breach of promise-not-to-fire, promissory estoppel, and fraud and deceit. Wehunt v. ITT Business Communications Corp., supra; Bourn v. Herring, supra; Sidwell v. Sidwell, supra.
2. Neither is there merit in appellants' claim that the trial court erred in dismissing appellee-defendant Elan Corporation, PLC from the suit under OCGA § 9-10-91. A tortious act against Elan Corporation, PLC here has not been alleged, Division 1, supra; see also Process Control Corp. v. Witherup Fabrications Erection, Inc., 439 F. Supp. 1284, 1286, n. 1 (N.D.Ga. 1977) ("A `tortious act' is `an act of such character as to subject the actor to liability' under tort principles.") For OCGA § 9-10-91 to confer extraterritorial jurisdiction over a foreign corporation, it is essential that there have occurred a tortious act in Georgia by such foreign corporation; there has been none. Gust v. Flint, 257 Ga. 129, 130 ( 356 S.E.2d 513) (1987).
OCGA § 9-10-91 pertinently provides:
A court of this state may exercise personal jurisdiction over any nonresident . . . as to a cause of action arising from any of the acts, omissions, ownership, use, or possession enumerated in this Code section, in the same manner as if he were a resident of the state, if in person or through an agent he: (1) Transacts any business within this state; (2) Commits a tortious act or omission within this state, except as to a cause of action for defamation of character arising from the act; (3) Commits a tortious injury in this state caused by an act or omission outside this state if the tortfeasor regularly does or solicits business, or derives substantial revenue from goods used or services rendered in this state[.]
Citing Massey v. Perkerson, 129 Ga. App. 895 ( 201 S.E.2d 830) (1973), the appellants otherwise argue that their complaint as alleging personal jurisdiction over Elan PLC must be taken as true on motion to dismiss. However, the appellants misconstrue Massey in that "[u]nder the Civil Practice Act when the sufficiency of a complaint is questioned, the pleadings must be construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff." Massey v. Perkerson, supra at 896(1). So reviewed, we conclude that appellants have failed to make a sufficient showing of a tort committed in Georgia in this case as to Elan Corporation PLC. Further, although the appellants' defamation count remains pending in the trial court, "defamation of character arising from the act" is excepted from OCGA § 9-10-91(2). "The language of the statute is clear, unequivocal and unambiguous in mandating the exclusion of an action predicated on defamation." Cassells v. Bradlee Management Services, Inc., 161 Ga. App. 325, 327 ( 291 S.E.2d 48) (1982) (" Bradlee I"); see also Bradlee Management Services, Inc. v. Cassells, 249 Ga. 614, 617-618 ( 292 S.E.2d 717) (1982) (affirming Bradlee I on federal precedent to the contrary but without adopting the same). Thus, personal jurisdiction over nonresident Elan PLC does not obtain, and the trial court's dismissal of Elan PLC was proper.
Appellant alleged personal jurisdiction over Elan PLC by averring its status as an Irish Corporation headquartered in Dublin, Ireland . . . although not authorized to transact business in Georgia, does in fact transact business in this state through its Elan Pharmaceutical Operations division"; that Elan Corporation PLC "did in fact transact the business and commit the acts or omissions alleged in this complaint and which created the causes of action herein"[;] and that the Elan "defendants are all part of the Elan Pharmaceuticals complex of companies . . . [which] frequently merges its identities and any alleged separateness of activities by simply referring to itself as `Elan.'"
Among other federal cases, the court pointed to Process Control Corp. v. Witherup Fabrications Erection, Inc., supra at 1287, which held that in light of Georgia's policy to exercise jurisdiction over nonresident defendants to the "maximum extent permitted by procedural due process, . . . Georgia courts do have jurisdiction over nonresident defendants in defamation cases when there exist requisite minimum contacts other than the commission of the tort itself. [Cits.]" Bradlee Management Services, Inc. v. Cassells, supra.
Judgment affirmed. Johnson, P.J., and Mikell, J., concur.