Summary
In Bailey v. C. Lewis Lavine, Inc., 302 Pa. 273, 277, the court said, at page 277: "Those whose negligent acts unite in producing an injury will be held jointly and severally liable to the injured party: Hughes et ux. v. Pittsburgh T. Co. et al., 300 Pa. 55."
Summary of this case from Woodring v. Metro. Edison Co.Opinion
December 3, 1930.
January 5, 1931.
Negligence — Evidence — Oral testimony — Physical facts.
1. The rule that oral testimony cannot stand in face of physical facts, only applies to clear cases; where the culpability of the respective parties depends upon controverted questions of fact, the case is for the jury. [276]
Negligence — Automobiles — Joint liability — New trial as to one — Act of June 29, 1923, P. L. 981.
2. Those whose negligent acts united in producing an injury, are jointly and severally liable to the injured party. [277]
3. Where a cause of action is joint and several, the trial court may enter judgment on a joint verdict against one defendant and grant a new trial as to the other. [277]
4. Under the Act of June 29, 1923, P. L. 981, a plaintiff may proceed against some jointly sued although the court may dismiss the action as to others, with the same effect as if the latter had not been joined. [278]
5. A plaintiff should not be compelled to lose his judgment against one of the parties, because it appears that another is entitled to a new trial. [278]
Negligence — Contribution — Joint liability.
6. In the absence of wilful wrong, contribution may be recovered from those jointly liable for a tort. The plaintiff may recover but one satisfaction, but the trial court may so mold the proceedings as to do equity among the defendants. [278]
Negligence — Crossings — Intersections — Right of way.
7. Even one who has a right of way at an intersection of streets, must exercise reasonable care or he will be chargeable with negligence. [277]
New trial — Reasons — Sole reasons — Discretion — Abuse — Presumption.
8. On a lower court's action granting a new trial, the appellate court will not reverse except on a question of law which is set forth as the sole reason for the action, or where the refusal of a new trial amounts to a manifest abuse of discretion; the presumption ordinarily is that the trial court was justified in granting a new trial. [277]
Res judicata — Judgment n. o. v. — Negligence — Act of 1929.
9. Where a trial court enters judgment n. o. v. in favor of one of two defendants, from which no appeal is taken, and grants a new trial as to the second, such judgment n. o. v. is res judicata in favor of such party, in a subsequent action by the same plaintiff, even when brought upon the record by a codefendant under the Act of April 10, 1929, P. L. 478. [278, 279]
Before FRAZER, C. J., WALLING, SIMPSON, KEPHART, SADLER, SCHAFFER and MAXEY, JJ.
Appeal, No. 312, Jan. T., 1930, by defendants, from judgment of C. P. No. 4, Phila. Co., Sept. T., 1929, No. 12050, on verdict for plaintiff, in case of Nora Bailey v. C. Lewis Lavine, Inc., Rolls Royce of America, Inc., and Paul M. Arnold et ux. Affirmed.
Trespass for personal injuries. Before FINLETTER, P. J.
The opinion of the Supreme Court states the facts.
Verdict and judgment for plaintiff for $3,500. Defendant, C. Lewis Lavine, Inc., appealed.
Error assigned was, inter alia, refusal of binding instructions for C. Lewis Lavine, Inc., quoting record.
John V. Horan, of Smithers, Lank Horan, for appellant. — The driver of a car is not required to anticipate and guard against want of ordinary care on the part of another: Simon v. Lit, 264 Pa. 121; Black v. Mark, 273 Pa. 138.
This is the law, with the exception that if both cars arrive at the same time, then the driver to the left must give way: Weber v. Greenebaum, 270 Pa. 382; Davis v. Ice Co., 285 Pa. 177.
When the physical facts contradict the testimony of witnesses, neither judge nor jury may credit it: Car Co. v. Kindeman, 216 Fed. 499; Hill v. P. R. T., 271 Pa. 233.
It was an abuse of discretion to refuse a new trial to appellant and grant one to its codefendant after joint verdict, in the face of the record establishing the latter's negligence beyond any doubt: Cleveland Co. v. Myers-Jolesch Co., 266 Pa. 309; Hess v. Gusdorff, 274 Pa. 123; Alianell v. Schreiner, 274 Pa. 152; Smith v. Times Co., 178 Pa. 510; Mix v. North Am. Co., 209 Pa. 636.
Raymond Pace Alexander, with him John Francis Williams and Maceo W. Hubbard, for appellee, cited: Wiebe v. Powers, 86 Pa. Super. 389; Weber v. Greenebaum, 270 Pa. 382; Kutz v. Baking Co., 87 Pa. Super. 297; Frank v. Pleet, 87 Pa. Super. 494; Mehler v. Doyle, 271 Pa. 492; Alperdt v. Paige, 292 Pa. 1; Smith v. Times Co., 178 Pa. 510; Danboro, etc., T. Road v. County, 258 Pa. 391.
Forty-seventh Street, extending through the City of Philadelphia in a northerly and southerly direction, is crossed at right angles by Springfield Avenue. At mid-day of July 2, 1928, Nora Bailey, the plaintiff, was on the sidewalk at the southeast corner of this intersection, when the motor truck of the defendant, C. Lewis Lavine, Inc. (herein called Lavine), moving south in Forty-seventh Street collided with a Rolls-Royce automobile (herein called the car), moving easterly in Springfield Avenue, so that the truck ran onto the sidewalk and against plaintiff, doing her serious injury. The Rolls-Royce was owned by Paul M. Arnold and Edith G. Arnold. At the time of the accident, the car was being driven by their chauffeur, Howard Collins, but plaintiff, on the contention that while the car was being driven by Collins, he was, in fact, in the employ of the defendant Rolls-Royce of America, Inc. (hereinafter called the Rolls-Royce), who, it is alleged, had the car for purpose of repair. Therefore this suit was brought against Lavine and the Rolls-Royce on the contention that the accident resulted from their concurrent negligence. It was agreed that plaintiff's damages were $3,500, and for that amount the jury rendered a verdict against both defendants. The court in banc denied Lavine's motion for judgment n. o. v. and also for a new trial and entered judgment against it on the verdict, but granted the Rolls-Royce a new trial, and Lavine brought this appeal.
Appellant strenuously urges that, under the evidence, the party in charge of the car, was wholly responsible for the accident. A careful study of the record fails to sustain this contention. True, there is testimony of eyewitnesses that the truck came first to the crossing, moving at moderate speed and was run into by the car going at high speed. Much of the proof sustains this contention, but there is also positive testimony of eyewitnesses that the car came first to the crossing and was run into by the truck. This finds some corroboration in the testimony that the car was injured at the side and not in front. There is also the further fact that the car came from the right and, under the Act of June 30, 1919, P. L. 678, had the right of way when both reached the intersection simultaneously. See Davis et ux. v. American Ice Co., 285 Pa. 177; Black v. Mark, 273 Pa. 138. We have considered the argument of Lavine that its contention is supported by the physical facts, and while there is some discrepancy as to distances, speed, etc., it cannot be found as matter of law that the physical facts free it from blame. The rule that oral testimony cannot stand in face of physical facts, applies only to clear cases, and this is not of that character. Where the culpability of the respective parties depends upon a controverted question of fact, the case is for the jury: Wiebe v. Powers, 86 Pa. Super. 389. Had either the truck or the car approached this intersection with due care and under proper control (see opinion of the present Chief Justice, speaking for the court, in Simon v. Lit Bros., Inc., 264 Pa. 121; also Harkin v. Toy P. R. T. Co., 278 Pa. 24; Weber v. Greenebaum, 270 Pa. 382), the accident could have been avoided. Even he who has the right of way must exercise reasonable care or he will be chargeable with negligence. See Alperdt et ux. v. Paige, 292 Pa. 1; Frank et al. v. Pleet et al., 87 Pa. Super. 494. The proof was such as to justify a finding that both Lavine and the Rolls-Royce were culpable, and if their concurrent negligence resulted in plaintiff's injury, she could sue either or both: Goldman et al. v. Mitchell-Fletcher Co., 285 Pa. 116; Cleary v. Quaker City Cab Co. et al., 285 Pa. 241; Moraski et al. v. P. R. T. Co., 293 Pa. 224. Those whose negligent acts unite in producing an injury will be held jointly and severally liable to the injured party: Hughes et ux. v. Pittsburgh T. Co. et al., 300 Pa. 55.
On a lower court's action on the matter of a new trial, we will not reverse except on a question of law which is set forth as the sole reason for its action (see Lawrence v. Gillespie, 300 Pa. 584; Duaine v. Gulf Refining Co., 285 Pa. 81; Cleveland W. Mills Co. v. Myers-Jolesch Co., 266 Pa. 309), or in the very rare case where the refusal of a new trial amounts to a manifest abuse of discretion: Reist v. Wogan, 281 Pa. 107; Lawrence v. Gillespie, supra. The presumption is that the trial court was justified in granting the new trial even when the reason given therefor is an insufficient reason unless the court expressly states that it is the only reason. See Cleveland W. Mills Co. v. Myers-Jolesch Co., supra.
Where the cause of action is joint and several, a trial court may enter judgment on a joint verdict against one defendant and grant a new trial as to the other. As plaintiff, in the instant case, might have brought her suit against appellant only, so she might have discontinued the action against the Rolls-Royce at any time. She should not be put to the delay, expense and hazard of another trial because of the court's action as to the codefendant. The Act of June 29, 1923, P. L. 981, authorizes a plaintiff to proceed against some jointly sued although the court may dismiss the action as to others, with the same effect as if the latter had not been joined. See Cleary v. Quaker City Cab Co. et al., supra. This question is discussed in S. Samuel Brother v. Superior Court (R.I.), L.R.A. 1918 C, page 967, and note, page 970. And a case in point is Moreland v. Durocher et al., 121 Mich. 398, 80 N.W. 284, which holds: "In this case the plaintiff might have proceeded against the defendants as to whom the judgment now stands, or she might have discontinued the case as to their codefendants at any stage of the proceedings. It is not easy to perceive, therefore, where the action is thus severable as well as joint, and where the right exists to proceed against a portion or all of the defendants, why the plaintiff should be compelled to lose her judgment against a portion because it appears that the others are entitled to a new trial. The case of Albright v. McTighe, 49 Fed. 817, contains a careful review of all the authorities, and the conclusion is reached that, by a clear weight of modern authority, the practice pursued in this case is proper."
The action is still pending against the Rolls-Royce and on a retrial, if it is held culpable, Lavine may become entitled to contribution under the rule declared in an exhaustive opinion of the court by Mr. Justice SCHAFFER, in Goldman et al. v. Mitchell-Fletcher Co., 292 Pa. 354, that, in the absence of wilful wrong, contribution may be recovered from those jointly liable for a tort. Of course, plaintiff can recover but one satisfaction; but the trial court may so mold the proceedings as to do equity among the defendants. See First Nat. Bank of Pittsburgh v. Baird, 300 Pa. 92; Vinnacombe et ux. v. Phila. Am. S., 297 Pa. 564.
While this action was pending in the trial court, the Rolls-Royce had a scire facias issued to bring in Paul M. Arnold and Edith E. Arnold as additional defendants, under the Act of April 10, 1929, P. L. 479. At the trial, however, the court held no recovery could be had against them because as to them the matter was res judicata. This, because plaintiff at first brought her suit against Lavine and the Arnolds and recovered a verdict against both, but the trial court thereafter entered judgment in favor of the Arnolds n. o. v. and granted a new trial as to Lavine. While the present action was subsequently brought against Lavine and the Rolls-Royce, no appeal was taken from the judgment entered in favor of the Arnolds. The correctness of this conclusion was not challenged in the trial court and is not here; hence, we need not further consider the Act of 1929.
As to whether the trial court erred in excluding the piece of evidence discussed in the opinion of the court in banc, or its effect if admitted, we express no opinion.
The judgment is affirmed.