Opinion
7237 Index 116404/07
10-04-2018
Alfred Joseph AYERS, III, Plaintiff–Appellant, v. The DORMITORY AUTHORITY OF the STATE OF NEW YORK, Defendant–Respondent, The City of New York, et al., Defendants.
Steven L. Salzman, P.C., New York (David S. Gould of counsel), for appellant. Marks, O'Neill, O'Brien, Doherty & Kelly, P.C., New York (Joel M. Maxwell of counsel), for respondent.
Steven L. Salzman, P.C., New York (David S. Gould of counsel), for appellant.
Marks, O'Neill, O'Brien, Doherty & Kelly, P.C., New York (Joel M. Maxwell of counsel), for respondent.
Friedman, J.P., Sweeny, Kapnick, Gesmer, Singh, JJ.
Judgment, Supreme Court, New York County (Debra A. James, J.), entered August 31, 2016, after a jury trial, in favor of defendant Dormitory Authority of the State of New York and against plaintiff, unanimously affirmed, without costs.
Plaintiff was injured when he jumped from the second floor of a building onto an attached sidewalk shed in an attempt to extinguish a fire on the shed. The building was owned by defendant Dormitory Authority of the State of New York (DASNY) and occupied by the City University of New York at Hunter College. Plaintiff claims that DASNY was responsible for causing the fire through its negligence in allowing rubbish to accumulate on the shed and/or failing to remedy the recurrent condition of students smoking in the stairwells and discarding their lit cigarettes out of the window and onto the shed. After trial, the jury returned a verdict in DASNY's favor.
Defendant's counsel's alleged misconduct did not rise to the level of egregiousness sufficient to warrant setting aside the verdict (see Smith v. Rudolph, 151 A.D.3d 58, 63, 51 N.Y.S.3d 507 [1st Dept. 2017] ; Morency v. Horizon Transp. Servs., Inc., 139 A.D.3d 1021, 1023, 33 N.Y.S.3d 319 [2d Dept. 2016], lv dismissed 28 N.Y.3d 947, 38 N.Y.S.3d 515, 60 N.E.3d 410 [2016] ).
The jury charge accurately stated the scope of DASNY's duty. The trial court instructed that DASNY had a duty to keep the shed safe and that it breached this duty to the extent it "knew or should have known" of the recurrent condition of students smoking and discarding lit cigarettes. This instruction is consistent with our prior articulation of DASNY's duty (see Ayers v. Dormitory Auth. of the State of N.Y., 127 A.D.3d 586, 7 N.Y.S.3d 136 [1st Dept. 2015] ).
The trial evidence does not demonstrate conclusively whether DASNY was an out-of-possession landlord bearing no responsibility for events occurring entirely inside the building (see Gronski v. County of Monroe, 18 N.Y.3d 374, 379–81, 940 N.Y.S.2d 518, 963 N.E.2d 1219 [2011] ). However, DASNY's duties (if any) with respect to the inside of the building are not relevant to the instant case, which concerns only a fire on the shed. To the extent any conduct occurring inside the building is relevant to plaintiff's claims, it is the fact of students smoking and throwing lit cigarettes out the window, and that conduct was properly highlighted in the charge. Plaintiff failed to demonstrate that circumstances existed under which DASNY had an affirmative duty to conduct reasonable inspections of the premises (see Rossal–Daub v. Walter, 97 A.D.3d 1006, 1007, 948 N.Y.S.2d 765 [3d Dept. 2012] ; see also Singh v. United Cerebral Palsy of N.Y. City, Inc., 72 A.D.3d 272, 276, 896 N.Y.S.2d 22 [1st Dept. 2010] ). Hayes v. Riverbend Hous. Co., Inc., 40 A.D.3d 500, 836 N.Y.S.2d 589 [1st Dept. 2007], lv denied 9 N.Y.3d 809, 844 N.Y.S.2d 784, 876 N.E.2d 513 [2007], on which plaintiff relies, is inapposite, since the instant case is devoid of any "object capable of deteriorating" that was "concealed from view" ( id. at 501, 836 N.Y.S.2d 589 ).
The court properly denied plaintiff's request for a special verdict sheet. Davis v. Caldwell, 54 N.Y.2d 176, 445 N.Y.S.2d 63, 429 N.E.2d 741 [1981], on which plaintiff relies, is inapposite, since there is no claim that any of plaintiff's theories of negligence should not have been submitted to the jury (see also Suria v. Shiffman, 67 N.Y.2d 87, 96, 499 N.Y.S.2d 913, 490 N.E.2d 832 [1986] ).
The court providently exercised its discretion in permitting defendant to amend its answer during trial to include a defense based on General Obligations Law § 15–108(a), since there is no evidence that the amendment caused prejudice to plaintiff (see Whalen v. Kawasaki Motors Corp., U.S.A., 92 N.Y.2d 288, 293, 680 N.Y.S.2d 435, 703 N.E.2d 246 [1998] ; see also CPLR 3025[b] ). Plaintiff argues that allowing the amendment altered his trial preparation, but fails to articulate how his preparation was altered.
While the law of apportionment of liability under CPLR 1601 has changed since the time of trial (see Artibee v. Home Place Corp., 28 N.Y.3d 739, 49 N.Y.S.3d 638, 71 N.E.3d 1205 [2017], modfg 132 A.D.3d 96, 14 N.Y.S.3d 817 [3d Dept. 2015] ), any error in the court's charge allowing such apportionment was harmless, since the jury never reached the issue (see John W. Cowper Co. v. Buffalo Hotel Dev. Venture, 72 N.Y.2d 890, 892–93, 532 N.Y.S.2d 742, 528 N.E.2d 1214 [1988] ).