Summary
holding that District Court's claim construction of patent before reissue was part of "law of the case" and should apply to subsequent proceedings post-reissue
Summary of this case from Cronos Techs., LLC v. Expedia, Inc.Opinion
Nos. 2014–1189 2014–1190 2014–1191.
05-12-2015
ARCELORMITTAL FRANCE, ArcelorMittal Atlantique et Lorraine, ArcelorMittal USA LLC, Plaintiffs–Appellants v. AK STEEL CORPORATION, Severstal Dearborn, Inc., Wheeling–Nisshin Inc., Defendants–Appellees ArcelorMittal France, ArcelorMittal Atlantique et Lorraine, ArcelorMittal USA LLC, Plaintiffs–Appellants v. AK Steel Corporation, Defendant–Appellee ArcelorMittal France, ArcelorMittal Atlantique et Lorraine, ArcelorMittal USA LLC, Plaintiffs–Appellants v. Severstal Dearborn LLC, Wheeling–Nisshin Inc., Defendants–Appellees.
Constantine L. Trela, Jr., Sidley Austin LLP, Chicago, IL, argued for plaintiffs-appellants. Also represented by David T. Pritikin ; Rachel Heather Townsend, Washington, DC; Jeffrey B. Bove, Wilmington, DE. Christopher Neil Sipes, Covington & Burling LLP, Washington, DC, argued for defendants-appellees. Defendant-appellee AK Steel Corporation also represented by Jeffrey Howard Lerner, Roderick R. McKelvie. Defendants-appellees Severstal Dearborn, Inc., Wheeling–Nisshin Inc. represented by Richard William Hoffmann, David J. Simonelli, Reising Ethington PC, Troy, MI.
Constantine L. Trela, Jr., Sidley Austin LLP, Chicago, IL, argued for plaintiffs-appellants. Also represented by David T. Pritikin ; Rachel Heather Townsend, Washington, DC; Jeffrey B. Bove, Wilmington, DE.
Christopher Neil Sipes, Covington & Burling LLP, Washington, DC, argued for defendants-appellees. Defendant-appellee AK Steel Corporation also represented by Jeffrey Howard Lerner, Roderick R. McKelvie. Defendants-appellees Severstal Dearborn, Inc., Wheeling–Nisshin Inc. represented by Richard William Hoffmann, David J. Simonelli, Reising Ethington PC, Troy, MI.
Before DYK, WALLACH, and HUGHES, Circuit Judges.
Opinion
HUGHES, Circuit Judge.
ArcelorMittal appeals from the decisions of the United States District Court for the District of Delaware granting summary judgment that U.S. Patent No. RE44,153E (the RE153 patent) is invalid because certain claims were broadened after two years of issuance in violation of 35 U.S.C. § 251. Because the district court was bound by our construction of the original claims and the reissue claims broadened that construction, we affirm the district court's finding that claims 1 through 23 of the RE153 patent are invalid under § 251. However, because newly added claims 24 and 25 were not broadened during reissue, we reverse-in-part and remand for further proceedings.
This case is governed by the statutory provisions in effect before the Leahy–Smith America Invents Act, Pub.L. No. 112–29, 125 Stat. 284 (2011), because Appellants filed the RE153 patent before March 16, 2013.
I
The RE153 patent is a reissue of U.S. Patent No. 6,296,805 (the '805 patent), which we previously reviewed in ArcelorMittal France v. AK Steel Corp., 700 F.3d 1314 (Fed.Cir.2012) (ArcelorMittal I ). The '805 and RE153 patents share a specification and have identical lone independent claims directed toward a specific type of steel sheet that has “a very high mechanical resistance” after thermal treatment. See '805 patent col. 4. l. 64–col. 5 l. 15; RE153 patent col. 5 ll. 8–25.
On January 22, 2010, ArcelorMittal filed suit against AK Steel Corp., Severstal Dearborn, Inc., and Wheeling–Nisshin Inc., alleging infringement of the '805 patent. The district court construed the phrase “a very high mechanical resistance” as limited to steel with a tensile strength greater than 1500 MPa. ArcelorMittal France v. AK Steel Corp., 755 F.Supp.2d 542, 549 (D.Del.2010). After a jury found the '805 patent not infringed and invalid as anticipated and obvious, ArcelorMittal appealed. On appeal, we affirmed the district court's construction of “a very high mechanical resistance,” but reversed and remanded on other grounds. ArcelorMittal I, 700 F.3d at 1321–23, 1326.
While its first appeal was pending, ArcelorMittal prosecuted an application for reissue of the '805 patent to correct the district court's construction of “very high mechanical resistance.” This application issued on April 16, 2013 as the RE153 patent and added a number of dependent claims, including: claim 23, which recites “[t]he coated steel sheet of claim 1, wherein said mechanical resistance is in excess of 1000 MPa”; claim 24, which confines claim 1 to the construction we affirmed in ArcelorMittal I by claiming “[t]he coated steel sheet of claim 1, wherein said mechanical resistance is in excess of 1500 MPa”; and claim 25, which depends on and further limits claim 24. RE153 patent col. 6 ll. 50–55.
On remand, ArcelorMittal amended its complaint to substitute the now-surrendered '805 patent for the RE153 patent (the Remand Action). ArcelorMittal also filed new suits for patent infringement against AK Steel (the 685 Action) and Severstal Dearborn and Wheeling–Nisshin (the 686 Action), alleging new acts of infringement of the RE153 patent. Appellees moved for summary judgment in the Remand Action, arguing claims 1 through 23 of the RE153 patent were invalid because they were impermissibly broadened in the reissue proceedings. The district court granted the motion and applied its ruling across all three actions, invalidating claims 1 through 23 of the RE153 patent and sua sponte invalidating claims 24 and 25. ArcelorMittal appeals. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).
These cases are: ArcelorMittal France, ArcelorMittal Atlantique et Lorraine, and ArcelorMittal USA LLC v. AK Steel Corp., Civ. No. 1:13–CV–00685 (D.Del), and ArcelorMittal France, ArcelorMittal Atlantique et Lorraine, and ArcelorMittal USA LLC v. Severstal Dearborn LLC and Wheeling–Nisshin, Civ. No. 1:13–CV–00686 (D.Del).
II
We review the grant or denial of summary judgment under the law of the regional circuit. MicroStrategy, Inc. v. Bus. Objects, S.A., 429 F.3d 1344, 1349 (Fed.Cir.2005). The Third Circuit reviews the grant or denial of summary judgment de novo. Facenda v. N.F.L. Films, Inc., 542 F.3d 1007, 1013 (3d Cir.2008). Whether amendments made during reissue enlarge the scope of the claim, and therefore violate § 251, is a matter of claim construction, which we review de novo, while giving deference to subsidiary factual determinations. Teva Pharm. USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc., –––U.S. ––––, 135 S.Ct. 831, 840–41, ––– L.Ed.2d –––– (2015) ; see also N. Am. Container, Inc. v. Plastipak Packaging, Inc., 415 F.3d 1335, 1349 (Fed.Cir.2005).
On appeal, ArcelorMittal argues the RE153 claims are no broader than the original '805 claims because the successful prosecution of the RE153 patent demonstrates the Patent Office's belief that the term “very high mechanical resistance” in the '805 patent was broader than we had construed it to be. ArcelorMittal also argues the district court erred by invalidating all claims of the RE153 patent, including those that were not broadened.
Because the law-of-the-case doctrine prohibited the district court from revisiting the construction of “very high mechanical resistance” in the '805 patent, we agree that claims 1 through 23 were impermissibly broadened in violation of § 251. But we find that the district court erred by invalidating claims 24 and 25, which were not broadened. Accordingly, we affirm-in-part, reverse-in-part, and remand for further proceedings.
A
The law-of-the-case doctrine “posits that when a court decides upon a rule of law, that decision should continue to govern the same issues in subsequent stages in the same case.” Banks v. U.S., 741 F.3d 1268, 1276 (Fed.Cir.2014) (quoting Christianson v. Colt Indus. Operating Corp., 486 U.S. 800, 815–16, 108 S.Ct. 2166, 100 L.Ed.2d 811 (1988) ) (internal quotation marks omitted). “The mandate rule, encompassed by the broader law-of-the-case doctrine, dictates that ‘an inferior court has no power or authority to deviate from the mandate issued by an appellate court.’ ” Id. (quoting Briggs v. Pa. R. Co., 334 U.S. 304, 306, 68 S.Ct. 1039, 92 L.Ed. 1403 (1948) ); see also Bankers Trust Co. v. Bethlehem Steel Corp., 761 F.2d 943, 949 (3d Cir.1985).
Under the mandate rule and the broader law-of-the-case doctrine, a court may only deviate from a decision in a prior appeal if “extraordinary circumstances” exist. Pub. Interest Research Grp. v. Magnesium Elektron, 123 F.3d 111, 116 (3d Cir.1997). But “such departures are rare.” Toro Co. v. White Consol. Indus., Inc., 383 F.3d 1326, 1336 (Fed.Cir.2004) (citations omitted). ArcelorMittal argues that the Patent Office's reissue of the RE153 patent is “new evidence” sufficient to constitute “extraordinary circumstances” to deviate from our clear mandate and construction of “very high mechanical resistance” in claim 1.
The “new evidence” exception permits courts to reconsider a previously decided issue in limited circumstances. “This exception ... makes sense because when the record contains new evidence, ‘the question has not really been decided earlier and is posed for the first time.’ ” Hamilton v. Leavy, 322 F.3d 776, 787 (3d Cir.2003) (quoting Bridge v. U.S. Parole Comm'n, 981 F.2d 97, 103 (3d Cir.1992) ). “But this is so only if the new evidence differs materially from the evidence of record when the issue was first decided and if it provides less support for that decision.” Id. That is not the case here.
The successful prosecution of the RE153 patent is not “new evidence” sufficient to trigger the extraordinary circumstances exception to the mandate rule and the law-of-the-case doctrine. Permitting a reissue patent to disturb a previous claim construction of the original claims would turn the validity analysis under 35 U.S.C. § 251 on its head. The basic inquiry under § 251 requires comparing the scope of the claims of the reissue patent to the scope of the original claims to determine if the reissue patent “contains within its scope any conceivable apparatus or process which would not have infringed the original patent.” Tillotson, Ltd. v. Walbro Corp., 831 F.2d 1033, 1037 n. 2, 1039 (Fed.Cir.1987). If the reissue claim itself could be used to redefine the scope of the original claim, this comparison would be meaningless.
Moreover, we have soundly rejected ArcelorMittal's argument in the similar context of determining whether a reexamined patent was improperly broadened during prosecution. See Anderson v. Int'l Eng'g & Mfg., Inc., 160 F.3d 1345, 1349 (Fed.Cir.1998) ; see also 35 U.S.C. § 305. In Anderson, we rejected the argument that changes to a claim during reexamination “simply clarified the scope of the claim as originally granted” and that “the claims have always encompassed” the broader meaning that resulted from the reexamination. Anderson, 160 F.3d at 1349. In doing so, we explained that “[t]he ultimate question of construction is not whether [the original] specification could have supported claims of the scope he now attributes to original claim 1 [i.e., the scope of the reissue claim]—although that would be a factor in determining the correct claim construction. The question is whether, objectively viewed, the original claims were, in fact and law, generic [i.e., as broad] as Anderson asserts.” Id. Thus, the dispositive question is whether the original claim has the meaning sought by ArcelorMittal for the reissue claims—not what the original claim means in light of the reissue claims. See id. at 1347. And we have already determined the proper scope of claim 1 of the '805 patent in ArcelorMittal I.
Under certain circumstances, the prosecution history of reissue or reexamination proceedings may be relevant to determine the scope of an original claim. See, e.g., Howes v. Med. Components, Inc., 814 F.2d 638, 645 (Fed.Cir.1987) (finding that disclaimers made during a co-pending reissue prosecution to overcome prior art rejections were relevant to narrow the interpretation of a disputed term for infringement purposes); E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 849 F.2d 1430, 1439 (Fed.Cir.1988). But we have never found that such reissue prosecution history is relevant to whether an applicant broadened the scope of an original claim in the § 251 analysis. Nor could we, since such a finding would run contrary to the plain language and purpose of § 251.
Moreover, the prosecution history of a reissue claim can certainly be relevant to determine the scope of the reissue claim, and it is entirely possible that the prosecution history includes disavowals of claim scope that could preserve the reissue claim in the face of an apparent broadening. See, e.g., Tillotson, 831 F.2d at 1037. But that is not the case here. The only relevant change is the addition of a dependent claim which has the practical effect of expanding the scope of claim 1 to cover claim scope expressly rejected by a previous claim construction ruling, and ArcelorMittal makes no argument that the reissue claims are otherwise narrowed. To permit later-generated reissue prosecution history to inform the scope of the very same claim limitation from the original patent would run afoul of the basic inquiry laid out in Anderson and Tillotson.
Accordingly, the prosecution history of the reissue patent here is not “new evidence” of the scope of the original claims for the purposes of the § 251 inquiry. Under the law-of-the-case doctrine, therefore, the district court was bound by this court's prior construction of the original claims, which ArcelorMittal concedes was narrower than the scope of the reissue claims. Based on this prior construction, the district court correctly found that claims 1 through 23 of the reissue patent impermissibly broadened the original claims and are invalid under 35 U.S.C. § 251.
B
Having found claims 1 through 23 invalid under § 251, we must next determine the fate of claims 24 and 25, which both parties agree have the same scope as claim 1 of the '805 patent —that is, they were not broadened on reissue. For the reasons set forth below, we find that the district court improperly focused on whether the patent had been improperly broadened, instead of undertaking a claim-by-claim analysis as required by statute and our precedent.
We begin with the plain language of the relevant statutes. Section 251 provides that “[n]o reissued patent shall be granted enlarging the scope of the claims of the original patent unless applied for within two years from the grant of the original patent” and a reissue patent may only be issued absent “deceptive intention” by the applicant. 35 U.S.C. § 251.
Section 282 provides, in relevant part: “[e]ach claim of a patent ... shall be presumed valid independently of the validity of other claims [.]” Id. § 282. And “[i]nvalidity of the patent or any claim in suit for failure to comply with any requirement of [35 U.S.C. §§ 100 et seq. ] or 251” “shall be [a] defense[ ] in any action involving the validity of infringement of a patent....” Id.
Section 282 plainly states that a patent's claims are presumed valid independent of one another. And § 282 uses the same language to reference § 251 as it does §§ 100 et seq., which we have long held to only apply on a claim-by-claim basis. 35 U.S.C. § 282 (listing “[i]nvalidity of the patent or any claim in suit on any ground specified in [35 U.S.C. §§ 100 et seq. ]” as a defense); see, e.g., Vandenberg v. Dairy Equip. Co., a Div. of DEC Int'l, 740 F.2d 1560, 1568 (Fed.Cir.1984) (reversing a decision invalidating an entire patent based solely on the ground that some claims were invalid as obvious). Compare 35 U.S.C. § 251 (“No reissued patent shall be granted....”), with id. § 102 (“A person shall be entitled to a patent unless....”), and id. § 103(a) (“A patent may not be obtained....”). Moreover, the plain language of § 253 confirms that “[w]henever, without any deceptive intention, a claim of a patent is invalid the remaining claims shall not thereby be rendered invalid.”
Additionally, we have previously rejected the argument that a defective reissue application invalidates not only newly added reissue claims, but also original claims carried over from the original application. Hewlett–Packard Co. v. Bausch & Lomb, Inc., 882 F.2d 1556, 1566 (Fed.Cir.1989). There, we were presented with a stronger case for invalidating the entirety of a reissue patent than the case before us, but declined to do so. We found newly added reissue claims invalid due to a defective reissue declaration, but declined to invalidate the original claims that were carried over in the reissue application despite a perception that the improper reissue application “infected” the entirety of the reissue patent. Id. at 1566–67.
Here, there is no allegation or evidence that ArcelorMittal acted with deceptive intent or submitted a defective reissue application. Thus, we cannot say that the entire reissue application is tainted.
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In rejecting the argument that the entire reissue patent should be held invalid, we explained that “[t]here is no disagreement with the long-standing proposition that invalidation of a new claim (added during reissue) on prior art does not invalidate the other claims.” Id. at 1566 (citation omitted). “Nor could there be any disagreement, for the patent statute provides: ‘Whenever, without any deceptive intention, a claim of a patent is invalid the remaining claims shall not thereby be rendered invalid.’ ” Id. at 1566–67 (quoting 35 U.S.C. § 253 (1982) ). We noted that § 253 alone “offers little guidance, however, because the invalidity resulting from a defective reissue application may be viewed as affecting the entire patent and not merely any particular claim.” Id. However, we nevertheless “[found] support for upholding carry-over claims in Gage v. Herring. There, the Supreme Court expressed its view that the inadequacy of the ground for reissuing a patent did not ‘impair the validity of the original claim which is repeated and separately stated in the reissued patent.’ ” Id. (quoting Gage v. Herring, 107 U.S. 640, 646, 2 S.Ct. 819, 27 L.Ed. 601 (1883) ) (citations omitted).
While claims 24 and 25 are not identical to the claims of the '805 patent since they identify the specific level “1500 MPa” as being the level of “mechanical resistance” rather than referring to “very high mechanical resistance,” they nevertheless “repeat[ ] and separately state[ ]” the scope of claim 1 of the '805 patent as construed by the district court and later affirmed by this court. Appellees concede as much, and we are not persuaded to conclude otherwise. Appellee's Br. 42 (“Indeed, the only claims of the RE153 patent that were not themselves broadened were two dependent claims....”). And, while we are mindful of the concerns over ArcelorMittal's attempts to modify the district court's claim construction through the reissue process, we are not persuaded that these policy concerns demand we part from our precedent. Accordingly, we find the district court erred in invalidating claims 24 and 25 of the RE153 patent.
III
We conclude that the district court was bound by our construction of claim 1 of the '805 patent and that the RE153 patent does not constitute new evidence sufficient to meet the “extraordinary circumstances” exception to the mandate rule. The district court properly concluded that claims 1 through 23 of the RE153 patent were improperly broadened under § 251 and therefore invalid. However, the district court erred in invalidating claims 24 and 25, which the parties concede maintain the same scope as the original claims. Because the district court's summary judgment orders invalidated the entire RE153 patent, we decline the Appellees' invitation to reach the merits, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion and our mandate in ArcelorMittal I.